lcd displays on digital cameras manufacturer

... . This camera can scan large areas and visualize potential gas leaks in real-time, so you can check thousands of components over the course of one survey. Designed with the user in mind, the GF300 is lightweight, offers ...

... thermal images and higher measurement accuracy. With its rotatable lens and screen structure, up to 13 million pixels visible light camera module, high precision rangefinder, and supplemented by some ...

... directly from the camera. Built-in communication interfaces ensure constant communication between the camera and the computer or mobile device, also over a wireless network. Thanks to state-of-the-art ...

... borescope, inspection camera, videoscope or industrial endoscope comes with a rigid telescoping pole that extends up to 2.3 m (7.6 ft) in length (3 m / 9.8 ft long total with camera connection). Plus, ...

For visual inspection and non-contact infrared (IR) temperature measurement / Integrated color camera offers picture-in-picture overlay of visual and ...

... is a fixed type thermal image measuring device configured by a camera and a controller, which uses uncooled solid state imaging element (320×240 pixels). Measuring wavelength of the camera is 8 to 14μm ...

... addition, the latest version of our pan-tilt camera has a macro function that gives you even more precise details even at a distance of a few millimetres from the test object.

... is equipped with 2 HD cameras: one side view camera with 360-degree rotation right/left to provide thorough, informative footage of the sidewalls, and a downward camera with a fixed wide-angle ...

With a range of interchangeable camera heads (1", 2" and 2.4" Pan & Tilt) the TROGLOPROBE PRO pipe camera is an ideal choice for municipalities, inspections of sewer and duct lines, oil rigs, dam inspections, ...

The instrument provides practically features as USB Real-time Interface to PC, video recording function, laser pointer and voice recording facility. irPOD ...

... Non-Mydriatic Fundus Camera has highly accurate and advanced autodetection technology for sharp, quick and reliable retinal imaging and measurements. Adjust modes quickly while measuring differing pupil sizes. With a ...

... innovative WELL-CAMERA Series that follows all our Customer’ requests about an easy use, reliable, compact and lightweight instrument for field operations.

... Grayscale (black hot)2.2’’ 320x240 TFT LCD displayIR temperature measurement with resolution 32*31 pixelsImage capture frequency 9HzThermal sensitivity (NETD) ≤150mKHot spot and cold spot trackingVisual ...

We call this wireless reversing camera system perfectly series because it has won 100% customer satisfaction since 2011. Utilizing digital 2.4GHz wireless technology, this wireless backup ...

With DirectIndustry you can: Find the product, subcontractor or service provider you need | Find a nearby distributor or reseller| Contact the manufacturer to get a quote or a price | Examine product characteristics and technical specifications for major brands | View PDF catalogues and other online documentation

An OLED display uses a relatively new technology called OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diodes). OLED displays are brighter, more efficient, thinner and feature better refresh rates and contrast than other display technologies.

OLEDs are made by placing thin films of organic (carbon based) materials between two electrodes. When an electrical current is applied, a bright light is emitted. Since the OLED materials emit light, a backlight is not required (unlike LCDs).

OLED-equipped cameras are offered by some of the biggest names in the industry. OLEDs’ major advantages seem to be especially beneficial for digital cameras - a wide color scheme, superior contrast, high refresh rates and more.

OLEDs are mostly used in electronic viewfinders (EVF) - where tiny OLED microdisplays are used as near-eye displays. In the past camera makers also adopted OLEDs as the larger (around 3-inch) main display for the camera, but in recent years most camera makers reverted back to LCD displays as OLED displays in this size range are not in standard production.

Advanced LED video wall with MicroLED models in 0.6, 0.7 and 0.9mm pixel pitches, and 1.2mm pixel pitch standard LED; with powerful processing, proprietary alignment technology and off-board electronics.

Planar® CarbonLight™ VX Series is comprised of carbon fiber-framed indoor LED video wall and floor displays with exceptional on-camera visual properties and deployment versatility, available in 1.9 and 2.6mm pixel pitch (wall) and 2.6mm (floor).

From cinema content to motion-based digital art, Planar® Luxe MicroLED Displays offer a way to enrich distinctive spaces. HDR support and superior dynamic range create vibrant, high-resolution canvases for creative expression and entertainment. Leading-edge MicroLED technology, design adaptability and the slimmest profiles ensure they seamlessly integrate with architectural elements and complement interior décor.

From cinema content to motion-based digital art, Planar® Luxe Displays offer a way to enrich distinctive spaces. These professional-grade displays provide vibrant, high-resolution canvases for creative expression and entertainment. Leading-edge technology, design adaptability and the slimmest profiles ensure they seamlessly integrate with architectural elements and complement interior decor.

Advanced LED video wall with MicroLED models in 0.6, 0.7 and 0.9mm pixel pitches, and 1.2mm pixel pitch standard LED; with powerful processing, proprietary alignment technology and off-board electronics.

From cinema content to motion-based digital art, Planar® Luxe MicroLED Displays offer a way to enrich distinctive spaces. HDR support and superior dynamic range create vibrant, high-resolution canvases for creative expression and entertainment. Leading-edge MicroLED technology, design adaptability and the slimmest profiles ensure they seamlessly integrate with architectural elements and complement interior décor.

Advanced LED video wall with MicroLED models in 0.6, 0.7 and 0.9mm pixel pitches, and 1.2mm pixel pitch standard LED; with powerful processing, proprietary alignment technology and off-board electronics.

LED video wall solution with advanced video wall processing, off-board electronics, front serviceable cabinets and outstanding image quality available in 0.9mm pixel pitch

Planar® CarbonLight™ VX Series is comprised of carbon fiber-framed indoor LED video wall and floor displays with exceptional on-camera visual properties and deployment versatility, available in 1.9 and 2.6mm pixel pitch (wall) and 2.6mm (floor).

Carbon fiber-framed indoor LED video wall and floor displays with exceptional on-camera visual properties and deployment versatility for various installations including virtual production and extended reality.

a line of extreme and ultra-narrow bezel LCD displays that provides a video wall solution for demanding requirements of 24x7 mission-critical applications and high ambient light environments

Since 1983, Planar display solutions have benefitted countless organizations in every application. Planar displays are usually front and center, dutifully delivering the visual experiences and critical information customers need, with proven technology that is built to withstand the rigors of constant use.

With the high resolution of this line of LCD monitors, it delivers clear and sharp display for optimal viewing experience. Depending on your application, there’s also an option for brightness levels in order to ensure that the LCD screen is readable under different conditions. You can also customize the settings and adjust the screen display for clearer image quality and for best viewing experience. These include configuring video properties such as resolution, saturation, brightness, and contrast levels. It also features a metal casing for rugged applications.

Aside from the IP camera, it supports other I/O ports such as DVI, HDMI, VGA, CAT 5 and USB for more compatibility with other types of cameras and external peripherals. It also supports various IP camera models from leading camera manufacturers such as Axis, D-Link, Foscam, Canon, Panasonic, Mobotix, Pixord, Sony, and Toshiba, among others. As it doesn’t requires several devices to make the connection, it provides a space-saving solution. Depending on the product model and how many channels it supports, you are able to view multiple cameras simultaneously from remote locations on a single screen.

iTech Company offers IP camera LCD monitors that you can easily setup for either personal or business use. We pay much attention to the quality and functionality of these devices for our client’s optimal usage. If you have any questions about which LCD monitor you require, simply contact us.

This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data.

This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data.

Digital cameras introduced a lot of great features to the world of photography, including the ability to look at a photo that you just shot to ensure that it looks right before you move on to another scene. If someone had his eyes closed or if the composition doesn"t look quite right, you can reshoot the image. The key to this feature is the display screen. Continue reading to understand what"s an LCD.

LCD, or Liquid Crystal Display, is the display technology used to create the screens embedded in the back of nearly all digital cameras. In a digital camera, the LCD works for reviewing photos, displaying menu options and serving as a live viewfinder.

All digital cameras contain full-color display screens. In fact, the display screen has become the preferred method of framing the scene, as only a small number of digital cameras now include a separate viewfinder and are mostly for higher-end cameras. Of course, with film cameras, all cameras had to have a viewfinder to allow you to frame the scene.

LCD screen sharpness depends on the number of pixels the LCD can display, and the camera"s specifications should list this number. A display screen that has more pixels of resolution should be sharper than one with fewer pixels.

Even though some cameras may have a display screen that uses a different display technology than LCD, the term LCD has become almost synonymous with display screens on cameras.

Additionally, some other popular cameras can make use of a touchscreen display or of an articulated display, where the screen can twist and swivel away from the camera body.

A liquid crystal display makes use of a layer of molecules (the liquid crystal substance) that are placed between two transparent electrodes. As the screen applies an electrical charge to the electrodes, the liquid crystal molecules change alignment. The amount of electrical charge determines the different colors that appear on the LCD.

The display screen consists of millions of pixels, and each individual pixel will contain a different color. You can think of these pixels as individual dots. As the dots are placed next to each other and aligned, the combination of the pixels forms the picture on the screen.

A full HDTV (FHD) has a resolution of 1920x1080, which results in a total of about 2 million pixels. Each of these individual pixels must be changed dozens of times every second to display a moving object on the screen properly. Understanding how the LCD screen works will help you appreciate the complexity of the technology used to create the display on the screen.

With a camera display screen, the number of pixels ranges from about 400,000 to maybe 1 million or more. So the camera display screen doesn"t quite offer FHD resolution. However, when you consider a camera screen usually is between 3 and 4 inches (measured diagonally from one corner to the opposite corner). In contrast, a TV screen is generally between 32 and 75 inches (again measured diagonally), you can see why the camera display looks so sharp. You"re squeezing about half as many pixels into a space that is several times smaller than the TV screen.

LCDs have become a commonplace display technology over the years. LCDs appear in most digital photo frames. The LCD screen sits inside the frame and displays the digital photos. LCD technology also appears in large screen televisions, laptop screens, and smartphone screens, among other devices.

Canon is a leader in cameras and copiers and is the world’s largest maker of laser-printers and office machines. As of 2007, Canon was world’s largest maker of digital camera, with a 26 percent global market in share. Canon released its first digital camera, the Powershot 600, in 1996 and saw its sales take off in the early 2000s when it introduced the IXY model with its compact size and stylish design. The company sold its 100 millionth compact digital camera in August 2008, and sold 27.9 million units in fiscal 2007-2008.

According to the earnings report, Canon"s consolidated sales dropped 4 percent from the previous year to 3.56 trillion yen for the business year ended in December 2011, based on U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Main factors for the drop include effects from the Great East Japan Earthquake, floods in Thailand and the superstrong yen. According to its medium-term business plan, the company plans to meet a sales target of more than 5 trillion yen in the business year ending December 2015. [Source: Yomiuri Shimbun, February 1, 2012]

Canon made a group net profit of about $240 million and a group operating profit of about $900 million in fiscal 2010-2011 on sales of $35 billion based on the recovery in the United States and increased sales in laser printers and digital cameras. Sales slowed in 2008 and 2009 due to the global economic downturns. Sales in 2010 are expected to be ¥3.75 trillion. In 2001, Canon had profits of $1.62 billion on sales of $25 billion. That year it controlled 30 percent of the copier business, producing portable machines that were almost as fast as large Xerox machines, and held 70 percent of the laser printer market including the machines it made for Hewlett-Packard.

Canon placed 33rd in the 2011 Interbrand Best Global Brands ranking. Coca Cola and IBM were No. 1 and 2. Canon has 25 percent of its sales in Japan, 34 percent in the Americas, 29 percent on Europe and 12 percent elsewhere. Almost 48 percent of its sales are in computer peripherals, namely printers, 24 percent is in copying machines, 19 percent in cameras, 5.8 percent in optical products and 4.7 percent in business systems.

Cannon headquarters Good Websites and Sources: Canon Global canon.com ; Canon Camera Museum canon.com/camera ; Sharp sharpusa.com ; Sharp and Solar Power sharpusa.com/SolarElectricity ;

Links in this Website: JAPANESE ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; JAPANESE ELECTRONICS COMPANIES Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; CANON, SHARP AND TOSHIBA Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; SONY Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; SONY PRODUCTS Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; PANASONIC Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; INDUSTRIES IN JAPAN Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; JAPANESE COMPANIES Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; TRADE AND OVERSEAS BUSINESS IN JAPAN Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; TECHNOLOGY IN JAPAN Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; GADGETRY AND INVENTIONS IN JAPAN Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN Factsanddetails.com/Japan ; CELL PHONES IN JAPAN Factsanddetails.com/Japan ;

Good Websites and Sources on the Electronics Industry: Japanese Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association (JIETA) jeita.or.jp/english ; Google E-Book: The Japanese Electronics Industry books.google.com/books ; JETRO Report on Japanese Consumer Electronics jetro.org/content ; Nikkei Electronic Asia techon.nikkeibp.co.jp ; Gadgets and Consumer Electronics Blogs blogged.com/directory/shopping/consumer-electronics ; Companies Listed by Industry mizuho-sc.com ; Japan Shuffle, a blog with info on electronics japanshuffle.blogspot.com

Good Websites and Sources on Industry: Good Photos at Japan-Photo Archive japan-photo.de ; Companies Listed by Industry mizuho-sc.com ; Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry meti.go.jp/english ; Statistical Handbook of Japan Manufacturing Chapter stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook ; 2010 Edition stat.go.jp/english/data/nenkan ; News stat.go.jp

$7000 Canon digitcal camera Canon reported profits every quarter in 2003, 2004 and 2005. It reported its 8th straight year of record profits in fiscal 2006-2007 thanks largely to high demand for it high margin digital single lens reflex cameras and copiers. Net income rose 8.7 percent from the previous year to ¥495 billion.

Canon’s profits were ¥98 billion in fiscal 2008-2009 during the global financial crisis. The company cut 1,100 workers at its subsidiaries in Oita and delayed the opening a new digital camera plant in Nagasaki.

Canon is one’s world’s biggest maker of photocopiers, printers, scanners and fax machines. It makes good profits from color laser printers and expensive digital cameras, devices which have high profit margins. Canon depends on overseas sales for 80 percent of its income.

In the camera business, Canon made more money for filmmakers than it did for itself. In copying machines and digital cameras it has not repeated the mistake. It makes large profits selling pricey toner and ink cartridges for copiers and printers that sell for relatively low prices. Canon also supplies the ink cartridges for printers made by other companies and has toner and cartridge factory in the United States. Canon executives put a lot emphasis on cash flow and extracting profits from economies of scale.

photo inkjet printer Under CEO Fujio Mitari, who took over the job in 1995, Canon had been very profitable. In 2003 it surpassed Sony in market value. Things began to take off for the company in 1998 when it stopped making personal computers and typewriters and focused on digital cameras, copiers, printers, and chipmaking equipment.

Mitarai transformed Canon from a company that made mostly cameras into one that became a leading manufacturer or copy machines and computer peripherals. Before he became Cannon CEO he served for 23 years as head of Canon USA. In March 2006, Mitarai became the head of Keidanren, the powerful business organization. He is the first executive from the information technology industry to lead the organization.

Mitarau slipped some was when a friend of his, Norihasa Oga, an executive at a construction, was arrested for tax evasion in connection construction of a Cannon factory for Canon in Oita Prefecture and was accused of his ties with Mitaru to win contracts, commissions and concessions, worth millions of dollars.

In January 2005, Canon announced it would get rid of its seniority system entirely and reward employees with a merit-based wage system. The system was introduced in 2001 for high level management positions with pay based on job difficulty determined by their authority to make deals and the number of subordinates working under them.

In September 2004, Canon announced it was going to build a $229 million R&D center in Tokyo. At that time Canon was spending $2 billion a year on research and development. It ranked No. 2 in patents received in the United States and made $200 million a year from patent royalties.

Canon is investing billions of yen to develop next generation flat panel displays using surface-conducting, electron-emitter technology. It and Toshiba are spending $1.8 billion bring electron emitter display (SED) televisions to the market. The companies hope to produce 75,000 50-inch flat-screen panels a month. SEDS are thinner than existing flat panels and consume less energy. Rather than relying on back lighting they produce their own light. The technology is good for screens of 50 inches to 60 inches. Production has been delayed due to patent disputes with the United States

Canon is putting a lot of resources into the flat-screen television market. It also makes advanced third generation rear projection and next-generation organic electro luminescence (OEL) displays. Panasonic, Hitachi and Canon have formed an alliance to develop and produce this technology. The alliance was formed to defray some of the high costs associated with flat panel technology and develop the technology for use in digital cameras, cell phones and other media as well as televisions.

In July 2008, Canon announced that would spend ¥17.4 billion to build a new factory in Nagasaki Prefecture that can produce 4 million digital cameras a year. Originally Daily Yomiuri Daily Yomiuri Expected to being production in December 2009, it will be Cannon’s third digital camera factory in Japan. The opening was delayed due to the global financial crisis in 2008 and 2009.

Canon has won much praise for its D90 camera, which combines a world-class, single-lens-reflex camera and a video camera that shoots in high definition. The camera cost $999, and $1,299 with a lens.

In September 2006, Canon recalled 800,000 desktop copiers because of a problem with a improperly fitted electrical connection that in rare cases caused the machine to overheat, emit smoke and catch a fire. During the economic crisis in 2008 and 2009, Canon made profits but they were lower than before.

Canon is a leader in digital cameo technology that allows cameras to instantly analyze the brightness of surrounding conditions of target objects before setting the proper aperture and shutter speed.

In 2010, Canon it would enter the robotics industry and begin marketing industrial robots by 2015. It made the decision based in what it sees as strong growth in the robotics sector. It is targeting robots for health care and emergency situations using image recognition and information processing technology it developed for digital cameras and other products.

In February 2012, the Yomiuri Shimbun reported: “Canon Inc. has announced Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Fujio Mitarai will return as president in addition to to his current roles. Current President and Chief Operating Officer Tsuneji Uchida, 70, will become adviser. The unusual decision for Mitarai to return to his role as president comes amid growing uncertainty about the firm"s prospects due to the European fiscal crisis and the historic surge of the yen.It is believed Canon aims to improve its business performance under Mitarai"s leadership, as he achieved satisfactory results when he was company president from 1995 to 2006. Mitarai also served as chairman of the Japan Business Federation (Keidanren) from 2006 to 2010. [Source: Yomiuri Shimbun, February 1, 2012]

“Regarding Mitarai"s return as president, Vice President Toshizo Tanaka said at a news conference, "When prospects are uncertain, it is safer to bring together experienced veterans instead of hurrying to bring about generational change." Canon hopes to achieve its goals by having Mitarai concurrently hold the three posts of chairman, CEO and president and take the lead of company management.

“Canon had intended to bring about generation change to management by 2010. But it postponed execution of the plan because of a drop in results following the collapse of the Lehman Brothers in 2008.

Sharp headquarters Sharp is an Osaka-based company credited with starting the calculator revolution. It is currently a leader in flat-screen televisions and solar energy. It is Japan’s largest producer of liquid-crystal display (LCD) televisions — making LCDs not only for itself but also for Sony, Toshiba and others — and for long time was the only Japanese company to make profits in LCDs. It made large profits in the mid 2000s.

In 1964 Sharp invented the first calculator. In the late 1960s it developed liquid crystal displays as a way of to get rid of the space-occupying fluorescent tubes in their calculators. Americans were the first to develop LCD technology — which uses organic chemicals between glass to create numbers and other images when given an electrical charge — but were unable to maintain the display. Fumiaka Funada, a Sharp engineer, discovered how to keep the display from deteriorating when he forgot to put the cap on some chemicals that dispersed in the air and affected the displays he was experimenting with. Sharp began putting LCDs in compact calculators it sold in 1972

Sharp engineers applied LCD technology to word processors and other devices but initially when they applied it to television it only produced grainy images. Over the years researchers tried many different substances in conjunction with liquid crystal. Finally in 1983, a group of scientists that included Funada developed an amorphous hpis compound that produced clear television images on a three inch screen. The search was then focused on material that could be used for larger screens. Early attempts resulted in a few success and lots of defects. The first Aquos LCD televisions went in sale in 2001.

Sharp made a group net profit of about $240 million on a group operating profit of about $900 million in fiscal 2010-2011 on sales of $35 billion. The net profit was a 4.4-fold increase from the previous year on the back of strong sales of flat-screen televisions and other home appliances.

Sharp had a $450 million loss in fiscal year 2006 and cut 2,300 jobs as the sale of digital cameras and mobile phones slumped. In fiscal 2007 it made a net profit of $1 billion and an operating profit of $1.83 billion. Sharp lost $1.26 billion fiscal 2008 in the midst of the global financial crisis. Hard hit by decline in flat-screen television and cell phones, it closed two LCD production lines.

1912 belt buckle Sharp makes televisions, DVD players, cell phones, refrigerators, microwave ovens, personal computer, image sensors, cameras, flash memory chips and other stuff. Sharp is a leader in making cell phone hand sets in Japan. The company aims to sell 5 million smart phones annually to take a 30 percent share in the domestic market by 2013.

In 2010, Sharp launched the Galapagos e-book device to compete with Apple’s I-pad. Initially the 10.8-inch version sold for ¥ 54,800 and the 5.5-inch version for ¥39,000. In September 2011 Sharp stopped selling two of its Galapagos tablets 10 months afer they were introduced as didn’t sell because customers preferred smartphones.

In April 2010, Sharp unveiled an LCD display touchscreen that shows 3-D images without requiring special glasses. The display is expected to be used in 3-D Nintendo DS consoles launched in 2011. Sharp also said it would launch 3-D LCD televisions in the summer of 2010. They use four primary colors instead of three to boost the brightness of the pop-out images.

Sharp has developed a microwave-oven-size oven that it claims blasts the fat and salt out of food with superheated steam. Costing about a $1,000, the oven uses a generating unit to produce intense 300̊C steam that is blasted at the food in three directions, reducing fat and salt, when the the liquid is drained away. Sharp maintains that the oven can cook a steak and reduce its fat content by a factor of eight and can make it “taste better.”

Ever Sharp pencil Sharp is the second largest solar cell producer in the world after German’s Q-Cells AG. It produced 2.07 million kilowatts worth of cells in 2007. Sharp and Italy’s largest utility company, Enel Sp. formed a joint venture to make solar panels and plan to invest $1 billion in the venture between 2009 and 2012.

Sharp posted a ¥376.08 billion ($4.78 billion) net loss in the fiscal 2011 (April 2011 to March 2012), its biggest-ever annual loss. The net loss is 31 percent higher than the company’s February forecast for a 290 billion-yen loss. That reversed an earlier forecast for a profit of 6 billion yen.

“In August 2012, the BBC reported: “Shares in Japanese television maker Sharp have dropped 30 percent after it warned that losses this year would be eight times bigger than first thought.

The firm said it now expects a full-year loss of 250 billion yen ($3.2 billion) in 2012, up from its earlier estimate of 30 billion yen. Sharp and other Japanese firms have been hit by a strong yen and tougher foreign competition. A few days earlier Sharp said it would cut 5,000 jobs to reduce costs. [Source: BBC, August 2, 2012]

“Sharp has seen demand slow for liquid crystal display televisions, its main product. "The domestic and Chinese demand for liquid crystal display televisions fell at a faster pace than expected," the company said. Analysts said Sharp should be looking to increase profit margins by making more expensive products such as LED and 3D televisions."The focus for Sharp has to be in terms of leveraging its ability to sell into the higher-end market as far as televisions are concerned," said Satish Lele from Frost and Sullivan.He added that Japanese TV-makers faced stiff competition from Taiwanese and Korean players, especially in emerging markets.

“In April, Sharp reduced production of TV panels at its two biggest LCD plants. The company’s so-called 10th-generation factory in Sakai, has a production capacity of 72,000 panels a month, while the eighth-generation LCD plant in Kameyama, Mie, is capable of making 100,000 panels.

Sharp also plans to reduce the production of LCD TV panels by more than 80 percent at its factory in Kameyama, Mie Prefecture, whose products are known as the "Kameyama brand."

In March 2012 it was announced that Foxconn Technology Group and founder Terry Gou, would invest $1.6 billion in Sharp. Bloomberg reported: “Foxconn, including Taipei-listed flagship Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., will buy 9.9 percent of Sharp for 66.9 billion yen in a new-share sale. Foxconn Chairman Gou and related investment companies will buy 46.5 percent of Sharp Display Products Corp., a venture with Sony Corp., for 66 billion yen.

The deal, the largest Japanese investment by a Taiwanese buyer, includes an agreement to purchase as much as 50 percent of Sharp Display’s LCD panels. Sharp will begin shipping displays using IGZO technology for the new iPad, joining major supplier Samsung and LG Display Co. [Source: By Mariko Yasu and Masatsugu Horie, Bloomberg, April 10, 2012]

“The Yomiuri Shimbun reported: “Sharp Corp. has reached an agreement to enter into a capital and business alliance with Taiwan"s electronic manufacturing service giant Hon Hai group, the Osaka-based company said. Sharp will issue 66.9 billion yen of shares to Hon Hai Precision Industry Co. and three other Hon Hai related companies through third-party allotment. After the new shares are issued, Hon Hai group will be sharp"s largest shareholder, with 9.9 percent of the shares based on voting rights, exceeding the share holding rate of Nippon Life Insurance Co., which has been the largest shareholder. [Source: Yomiuri Shimbun, March 29, 2012]

“It is rare that an overseas manufacturer will be the largest stakeholder of a Japanese home appliance manufacturer. Hon Hai Precision Industry is the world"s largest contract manufacturing company. It produces personal computers, smartphones and TVs, and receives orders from large companies such as Apple Inc. Meanwhile, sharp will sell a 46.5 percent stake in its subsidiary Sharp Display Products Corp., which operates a liquid crystal display panel plant in Sakai, Osaka Prefecture, to Hon Hai for 66 billion yen. The 46.5 percent stake in the subsidiary is half of the stake owned by Sharp. To raise the operating rate of the Sakai plant, Sharp intends to provide up to half the LCD panels manufactured there to Hon Hai.

“With about 130 billion yen procured through the capital and business alliance, Sharp intends to improve its financial strength and business performance. Having a foreign company as Sharp"s largest shareholder has left an impression that domestic home appliance manufacturers are weakening. Japanese manufacturers have had strength in so-called vertical integration because they cover all stages of a product"s development, from production to sales.

“Hon Hai manufactures products after receiving orders from other companies that plan to concentrate on developing products. Hon Hai Chairman Terry Gou, who spoke at the press conference via video, said Japan will pull out of manufacturing to play a lead role in research and development, as well as the establishment of international brands.

“Sharp intends to increase its operating rate and reduce costs through the joint management of the plant with Hon Hai. Kazuharu Miura, senior analyst at SMBC Nikko Securities Inc., said the alliance means "large home appliance manufacturers that have undertaken vertical integration have been defeated [by an overseas company]. These domestic businesses should view Sharp"s actions as an opportunity to review their strategy and compete during the next 10 years."

In December 2011, Reuters reported: “Samsung Electronics Co, Sharp Corp and five other makers of liquid crystal displays agreed to pay more than $553 million to settle consumer and state regulatory claims that they conspired to fix prices for LCD panels in televisions, notebook computers and monitors. The settlement is the latest arising from lawsuits alleging the creation of an international cartel designed to illegally inflate prices and stifle competition in LCD panels between 1999 and 2006, affecting billions of dollars of U.S. commerce. [Source: Karen Freifeld, Reuters, December 27, 2011]

In December 2006, authorities in Japan, Korea, the European Union and the United States revealed a probe into alleged anti-competitive activity among LCD panel manufacturers. Many companies and executives have since pleaded guilty to criminal antitrust violations and paid more than $890 million in fines. The latest payout includes $538.6 million to resolve claims by "indirect" purchasers that bought televisions and computers with thin film transistor LCDs, as well as claims by eight states: Arkansas, California, Florida, Michigan, Missouri, New York, West Virginia and Wisconsin. New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman said: "This price-fixing scheme manipulated the playing field for businesses that abide by the rules, and left consumers to pay artificially higher costs for televisions, computers and other electronics.”

“The accord calls for Samsung to pay $240 million, Sharp $115.5 million and Taiwan-based Chimei Innolux Corp $110.3 million, settlement papers filed with the U.S. District Court in San Francisco show. Hitachi Displays Ltd will pay $39 million, HannStar Display Corp, $25.7 million; Chunghwa Picture Tubes Ltd, $5.3 million, and Epson Imaging Devices Corp, $2.9 million, the court documents show. The settling companies also agreed to establish antitrust compliance programs and to help prosecute other defendants. Other defendants have yet to settle, including Taiwan-based AU Optronics Corp, one of the largest LCD panel manufacturers; South Korea"s LG Display Co and Toshiba Corp.

In June 2009, some of Sharp’s televisions and computer monitors were banned in the United States for fringing on a patent owned by Samsung. Earlier a trade judge said that some Samsung televisions and computer monitors should be banned because they infringed on Sharp patents.

Hitachi and Sharp were searched by the Fair Trade Commission on suspicion they colluded on setting prices on liquid crystal displays for Nintendo game handsets. In November 2008, Hitachi, Sharp, South Korea’s LG Display Co and Taiwan’s Chungwa Picture Tubes admitted to fixing liquid crystal display LCD prices and were ordered to pay a fine of $585 million by the U.S. Department of Justice.

Sharp has a 12 percent share of the global LCD market, forth behind Sony, Samsung and Phillips Electronics. Sharp has 40 percent of Japan’s LCD television market, impressive considering the amount competition in the market.

Flat screen television sales share in North America in 2009: 1) Samsung (26.9 percent); 2) Sony (14.3 percent); 3) Vizio (10.7 percent); 4) Panasonic (8.5 percent); 5) LG (8.3 percent); 6) Sharp (5.5 percent)

Sharp sold 6 million LCD televisions in fiscal 2006. Flat screen market share in North America in early 2008: 1) Samsung (21.9 percent); 2) Sony (17.3 percent); 3) Vizio (8.8 percent); 4) LG Electronics (8.3 percent); 5) Sharp (7.9 percent); 6) Matsushita (6.4 percent); 7) Toshiba (5.4 percent); Others (24 percent).

Sharp is focusing on building profitable-very large-screen, flat-panel televisions. As of January 2007, Sharp produced the largest flat screen television: 108-inch liquid crystal display. The record before was 102 inch model made by Samsung.

Sharp unveiled a 52-inch flat-screen prototype that is only two centimeters thick in October 2007. It unveiled a 29-millimeter-thick television in August 2008 that was touted as the thinnest, lightest and lowest energy-consuming liquid crystal display in the world.

In December 2007, Sharp began construction of world’s largest LCD plant in Sakai, Osaka Prefecture to produce LCD panels for flat screen televisions. It is expected to be completed in March 2010. The new plant in Sakai will cover 1.27 million square meters — enough to accommodate 33 large stadiums — and will embrace plants for solar panels and parts. It’s main purpose will be to manufactures LCD panels mainly for 40-inch and 60-inch model televisions by cutting glass substrates in sheets the size of five doors or tatami mats. The larger a glass substrate is the easier it is to produce large screen televisions at a lower cost. Going at full capacity the factory will be able to produce 13 million 42-inch panels annually. More than half are likely to be sold to other firms.

At the Sakai plant, two thirds of production will go to Sharp and the remainder will go to Sony. Sharp has an alliance with Toshiba and Sony to produce to 30-inch and 60-inch LCD panels to use in their flat screen televisions. The alliances increase Sharp’s growth and power in the LCD market and cut costs for Sony and Toshiba.

In December 2010, Sharp and Japan’s LCD production was given a nasty blow when Sony said it would not purchase LCD panels from Sharp or invest in Sharps LCD factory in Sakai. Instead, Sony said, it would purchase LCD screen from Taiwanese manufacturers. Sony said it is holding back on investing in Sharp’s LCD screen factory over concerns that the high value of the yen makes Japan-made LCD screens too expensive compared to those produced in other countries.

The Sakai factory utilizes “10th-generation” technology, which is especially well-suited to making large screens. Sharp is opening a LCD plant in Nanjing in China. The plan was use older “eighth generation” technology there. The Chinese have demanded that 10th generation technology be used at the Nanjing plant or else it won’t be allowed to open.

Sharp"s Sakai plant has drastically reduced production of LCD panels after its inventory increased. Sony Corp. was originally scheduled to increase its share holding rate of Sharp Display Products from 7 percent to up to 34 percent. But Sharp and Sony announced that the additional capital injections to the plant operator will not be made.

Kansai Eclectic Power Company and Sharp plan to build one of the world’s largest solar power plants near Osaka to provide power for homes and factories. The plant is expected to produce 28 megawatts, enough to provide electricity of about 8,000 households. The plant will be built on a 20 hectare site. Construction is planned to begin in 2009.

In 1959 Sharp founder Tokuji Hayakawa, proposed making a solar battery which he called “the next big technological breakthrough after television.” One of the first major applications of Sharp solar technology was on lighted buoys at sea that previously used oil or gas and needed to periodically be refilled, a costly process. In 1976, Sharp introduced the first solar-powered calculators.

Sharp plans to raise its output of thin film solar cells. There are two kinds of solar cells: thin-film and crystalline silicon cells. The former can be made with 99 percent less silicon. These days there is a worldwide silicon shortage, and prices for the material are high. Sharp also produces lithium ion batteries for solar systems that can store electricity in the day for use at night.

Sharp is active in providing solar technology to developing countries such as Mongolia, where generating electricity by other means in remote areas is very expensive. In developed countries like Germany it has been active in turning unproductive wheat farms into solar farms by placing solar panels on land formally occupied by crops. In the Napa Valley in California solar cells have been floated on an idle pond to produce electricity for a winery.

Today Sharp solar panels can be found in the CIS Tower in Manchester, England, where 7200 modules produce 183,000 kW a year; the Salzberg Airport in Austria; and the Bruchwegstadion in Mainz Germany. The new Sharp LCD plant in Sakai is not only produced thin films for LCDs it will also make thin films for solar cells covering the plant’s roof.

Text Sources: New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Daily Yomiuri, Times of London, Japan National Tourist Organization (JNTO), National Geographic, The New Yorker, Time, Newsweek, Reuters, AP, Lonely Planet Guides, Compton’s Encyclopedia and various books and other publications.

The LCD screen on digital cameras cuts out the need for this process as images can be viewed immediately after they are taken and adjustments can be made to improve your shots straight away.

If you like to record your images settings for future analysis, most digital cameras will do this for you – to be viewed later either on your camera (using the ‘info’ function when in playback on many cameras) or on your computer.

One question I get asked a lot by readers is whether they should use their digital camera’s LCD screen or viewfinder to frame their shots. I suspect that the majority of camera owners do use the LCD but there are a number of arguments both for and against it. Let me explore a few:

Convenience – Perhaps the main reason that people use the LCD is convenience. Rather than having to fire up the camera, raise it to your eye, squint through it (on many point and shoot models it’s quite small) etc… using the LCD means you simply switch the camera on and from almost any position you can snap a shot.

Size – As I hinted above – many models of digital cameras have very small view finders and when compared with the LCD (usually between 1.5 and 2.5 inches these days) there is really not that much of a comparison.

Instant Playback – shooting with the LCD means that after you take your shot you will immediately see the shot you’ve taken flashed onto the screen. You can see this if you use the viewfinder too by lowering the camera but it adds another action to the process.

Creativity – using the LCD opens up all kinds of creative opportunities for your photography by meaning that you don’t have to have the camera at eye level to be able to get your framing right. You can instead put it up high or down low and still be able to line things up well.

Framing Inaccuracy of Optical Viewfinders on Point and Shoots – one of the most common complaints about using the viewfinder on digital cameras is that what you see through it is slightly different to what the camera is actually seeing as the view finder is generally positioned above and to the left of the lens which means it is slightly different (a problem called parallax). Most viewfinders that have this will give you a guide as to where to frame your shot but it can be a little difficult – especially when taking close up/macro shots. (note that not all point and shoot cameras have optical viewfinders – some have electronic ones (see below).

Obstructed View – on some models of point and shoot digital cameras a fully extended zoom can actually obstruct the view from your viewfinder. This can be quite frustrating.

Glasses Wearers – if you wear glasses you might find using the viewfinder of your Digital camera more difficult. Many these days do come with a little diopter adjuster to help with this.

Battery Killer– the LCD on your camera chews up battery power faster than almost any other feature on your camera. Use it not only for viewing shots taken but lining them up and you’ll need to recharge a lot more regularly.

Camera Shake – when shooting with the LCD as a viewfinder you need to hold your camera away from your body (often at arms length). This takes the camera away from your solid and still torso and into midair (only supported by your outstretched arms) – this increased the chance that your camera will be moving as you take the shot which will result in blurry shots.

Competing Light – one problem that you will often have with framing your shots using the LCD is that for many cameras, shooting in bright light will make it difficult to see the LCD – leaving it looking washed out. Digital camera manufacturers are trying to overcome this with brighter and clearer screens but using the viewfinder instead of the LCD will generally overcome the problem.

DSLRs – most DSLRs do not give you the opportunity to use the LCD as a viewfinder at all. I suspect that this feature will become more available however as I hear it being asked for quite a bit. I’m not sure I’d ever use it though as DSLR view finders are generally larger and are a WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) meaning you can be sure that what you’re looking at through the view finder is what the image will be when you shoot.

Electronic View Finders (EVF)– another type of view finder that is found on some point and shoot digital cameras is the EVF one. This overcomes the problem of your viewfinder and camera seeing slightly different things by giving you an exact picture of the scene you’re photographing in the viewfinder. This happens simply by putting a little LCD in the viewfinder.

Ultimately the choice in using the LCD or viewfinder will come down to personal preference. I have used a variety of digital cameras over the past few years and find myself using both methods depending upon the shooting situation and the camera. Some cameras have large and clear viewfinders (like my DSLR) and so I use them. Others have tiny viewfinders (in fact my latest point and shoot, the Fujifilm Finepix F10, doesn’t have one at all).

Given the choice between a great viewfinder and great LCD I’d probably opt for the viewfinder – call me a traditionalist but it just feels right for me.

Digital Camera Parts└ Replacement Parts & Tools└ Cameras & PhotoAll CategoriesAntiquesArtBabyBooks & MagazinesBusiness & IndustrialCameras & PhotoCell Phones & AccessoriesClothing, Shoes & AccessoriesCoins & Paper MoneyCollectiblesComputers/Tablets & NetworkingConsumer ElectronicsCraftsDolls & BearsMovies & TVEntertainment MemorabiliaGift Cards & CouponsHealth & BeautyHome & GardenJewelry & WatchesMusicMusical Instruments & GearPet SuppliesPottery & GlassReal EstateSpecialty ServicesSporting GoodsSports Mem, Cards & Fan ShopStampsTickets & ExperiencesToys & HobbiesTravelVideo Games & ConsolesEverything Else

Think about the schools of thought which use dedicated cameras. They use either the viewfinder to shoot or the LCD screen. And the LCD screen is used in a variety of different ways. Time and time again, I really just want the old-school medium format style magnified finder. You, of course, know what I’m talking about. It’s when you look down into the camera, and there is a hood with a magnification prism. It’s standard on TLR cameras and things like the

And now let’s analyze what brands either made TLRs or medium format cameras with a hood style magnifier. Canon didn’t enter the medium format world. Nikon made the lenses and optics for certain camera brands back in the day. But I don’t think that they’d make a mirrorless TLR style camera or even one with an LCD screen on top. I laugh at any claim that Sony would do it. Fujifilm is a possibility because of the optics they made for various brands. Plus, they had a few medium format cameras too. Olympus had a medium format camera that didn’t really see the light of day. However, they surely know ergonomics very well. But they’d argue that it isn’t part of their brand. Panasonic might do something this cool, but I’m still not putting my money on it. Leica has a long, celebrated history in photography. But they’ve never made something like this. Sigma, of course, wouldn’t. Hasselblad could and should. Their current cameras can’t bring the LCD screen to the top.

So who could do this? This is where I think Tamron could really shine and bring back the Bronica system. I’ve spoken about the Bronica system many times before. Could you imagine a small, cube-like camera with a fixed lens or a mount? Realistically, Tamron would make a small cube camera, shove a full-frame sensor in there, permanently attach a 35mm f2.8 lens on there, and put the LCD screen up top with a touch screen. When you want to turn the camera on to activate it, you’d just raise the hood or turn a switch. The screen would be entirely touchscreen navigation. And if you want to change exposure parameters, you’d do so using dials and buttons around the camera.

But let’s say that Bronica never comes back and that Tamron really just wants to focus on lenses. I wouldn’t blame them. In that case, then, Fujifilm could make an even smaller GF camera. What’s more, they could make it with a fixed lens. It would be the medium format variant of the X100V.

So why do we need this? Well, our camera designs are getting a bit stale. In many years of photography history, there have been tons of camera designs. But every brand just does the same thing. Sure, Sigma tries and fails at different designs. However, certain designs have always worked. We need something special. We need to give folks a reason to get excited about traditional photography and cameras again. And we need to see it on the outside. The only people who care about MTF charts these days are much older. But everyone cares about the romance of tactile feedback.

First of all, to understand the difference that exists between the two types of monitors let’s briefly discuss how each one works.  The CRT monitor receives an analog radio frequency signal that contains the information for drawing a picture on the front of the CRT or screen.   The CRT shoots horizontal beams of light back and forth from behind the screen very rapidly.  If your camera is a 500 TVL (TeleVision Line) camera and your CRT monitor screen is made up of 500 horizontal lines or more, then you’ll see every bit of the video image that is sent to the CRT in good detail.

In other words, the analog resolution measurement as it pertains to non-digital hardware is the TVL.  The higher the number the TVL the higher the resolution of the picture display.  A 500 TVL display means there are 500 horizontal lines (created by the ray of beams from the CRT).  This obviously will show less detail than say a 380 TVL of the same image.

Remember too that these lines can vary in size from monitor to monitor.  A 19 inch monitor will have much finer (thinner) lines than a 32 inch monitor.

Also, most analog screens have only two types of possible input/output connectors; a 75 ohm cable connector or an RCA plug.  These are a “standard” for analog video connections and are on the backs of most monitors and televisions.

A digital video security camera system Liquid Crystal Display or LCD video camera monitor differs from the CRT type in many ways.  First an LCD monitor is designed for digital input not analog.  This means there are different standards of measurement for the LCD monitor as compared to the CRT.

Another major difference is in the way the LCD video camera monitor displays its images.  Unlike the CRT whose picture consists of horizontal lines, the LCD monitor displays are in pixels.  Pixels are very small dots usually round or square in shape that make up the image and entire LCD screen viewing area.  Like the CRT’s horizontal lines being an indication of resolution or detail, the LCD’s standard for measurement is the pixel.  Keep in mind that pixels vary in size especially from small monitors to large monitors.

However, because these pixels on the average are much smaller than the TVL the LCD video camera monitor automatically makes for a good competitor to the CRT because of the enhanced capability to display a greater resolution or in other words, higher detail.

So the pixel is really the standard of measurement with an LCD video camera monitor.  This can be confusing as well because both resolution and size on an LCD video camera monitor are based on pixel measurements.  For example your monitor may have a screen that is 800 x 600 pixels.  Let’s re-emphasize that the 800 x 600 is the total amount of pixels available for displaying an image.

The image could be 340 x 280 pixels, so what does that tell us?  Basically it tells us the SIZE of the image–on your monitor or anyone else’s, the image will be 340 x 280 pixels.  (Remember that earlier we said pixel size can change with total screen size.)  The actual resolution or detail hasn’t been stated yet but generally speaking, the greatest resolution that can be obtained on an LCD Video Camera Monitor is 96 dpi or dots per inch.

To summarize then, a CRT monitor’s resolution is displayed as TVL or horizontal lines; the more the TVL the more detailed the picture.  High definition monitors and TV’s display 1080 TVL.  An LCD video camera monitor’s resolution is usually around 96 dots per inch.  The pixel measurement, such as 800 x 600 tells how big the image is but not what the resolution is.

Glass substrate with ITO electrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will determine the shapes that will appear when the LCD is switched ON. Vertical ridges etched on the surface are smooth.

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directlybacklight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock, are all good examples of devices with these displays. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made from a matrix of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering on a background that is the color of the backlight, and a character negative LCD will have a black background with the letters being of the same color as the backlight. Optical filters are added to white on blue LCDs to give them their characteristic appearance.

LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including LCD televisions, computer monitors, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and indoor and outdoor signage. Small LCD screens are common in LCD projectors and portable consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches, digital clocks, calculators, and mobile telephones, including smartphones. LCD screens are also used on consumer electronics products such as DVD players, video game devices and clocks. LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications. LCD screens are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, with LCD screens available in sizes ranging from tiny digital watches to very large television receivers. LCDs are slowly being replaced by OLEDs, which can be easily made into different shapes, and have a lower response time, wider color gamut, virtually infinite color contrast and viewing angles, lower weight for a given display size and a slimmer profile (because OLEDs use a single glass or plastic panel whereas LCDs use two glass panels; the thickness of the panels increases with size but the increase is more noticeable on LCDs) and potentially lower power consumption (as the display is only "on" where needed and there is no backlight). OLEDs, however, are more expensive for a given display size due to the very expensive electroluminescent materials or phosphors that they use. Also due to the use of phosphors, OLEDs suffer from screen burn-in and there is currently no way to recycle OLED displays, whereas LCD panels can be recycled, although the technology required to recycle LCDs is not yet widespread. Attempts to maintain the competitiveness of LCDs are quantum dot displays, marketed as SUHD, QLED or Triluminos, which are displays with blue LED backlighting and a Quantum-dot enhancement film (QDEF) that converts part of the blue light into red and green, offering similar performance to an OLED display at a lower price, but the quantum dot layer that gives these displays their characteristics can not yet be recycled.

Since LCD screens do not use phosphors, they rarely suffer image burn-in when a static image is displayed on a screen for a long time, e.g., the table frame for an airline flight schedule on an indoor sign. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence.battery-powered electronic equipment more efficiently than a CRT can be. By 2008, annual sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded sales of CRT units worldwide, and the CRT became obsolete for most purposes.

Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, often made of Indium-Tin oxide (ITO) and two polarizing filters (parallel and perpendicular polarizers), the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. Without the liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer. Before an electric field is applied, the orientation of the liquid-crystal molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a twisted nematic (TN) device, the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure, or twist. This induces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and the device appears gray. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray.

The chemical formula of the liquid crystals used in LCDs may vary. Formulas may be patented.Sharp Corporation. The patent that covered that specific mixture expired.

Most color LCD systems use the same technique, with color filters used to generate red, green, and blue subpixels. The LCD color filters are made with a photolithography process on large glass sheets that are later glued with other glass sheets containing a TFT array, spacers and liquid crystal, creating several color LCDs that are then cut from one another and laminated with polarizer sheets. Red, green, blue and black photoresists (resists) are used. All resists contain a finely ground powdered pigment, with particles being just 40 nanometers across. The black resist is the first to be applied; this will create a black grid (known in the industry as a black matrix) that will separate red, green and blue subpixels from one another, increasing contrast ratios and preventing light from leaking from one subpixel onto other surrounding subpixels.Super-twisted nematic LCD, where the variable twist between tighter-spaced plates causes a varying double refraction birefringence, thus changing the hue.

LCD in a Texas Instruments calculator with top polarizer removed from device and placed on top, such that the top and bottom polarizers are perpendicular. As a result, the colors are inverted.

The optical effect of a TN device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, TN displays with low information content and no backlighting are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright with no voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state). As most of 2010-era LCDs are used in television sets, monitors and smartphones, they have high-resolution matrix arrays of pixels to display arbitrary images using backlighting with a dark background. When no image is displayed, different arrangements are used. For this purpose, TN LCDs are operated between parallel polarizers, whereas IPS LCDs feature crossed polarizers. In many applications IPS LCDs have replaced TN LCDs, particularly in smartphones. Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain ionic compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces