characteristic features of the in-plane switching ips lcd panel technology made

When shopping for a monitor you might come across the term IPS, short for “in-plane switching” to describe a certain type of display. So what does this term mean, and what benefits does an IPS display have over alternative technologies?

There are several different types of liquid crystal displays (LCDs), all of which use LED backlighting and are often referred to as “LED-LCD” displays. IPS panels are one such implementation and were designed to improve upon early twisted nematic (TN) models that suffered from poor viewing angles and color reproduction.

The term IPS is derived from the way the crystals are arranged inside the LCD. In an IPS panel, these crystals are aligned horizontally at all times and rotate parallel (in-plane) when voltage is applied. This allows light to pass through and for an image to be displayed on-screen.

While IPS panels are superior in some ways to other types of LCD panels, they are still bound by the limitations of the technology. Notably, LCDs must block out the backlight to display black which can often result in washed out or uneven blacks.

This prevents them from reaching the inky blacks that are possible with OLED displays, which are self-emissive. Some LCD displays use full-array local dimming to improve black reproduction, but this can result in unsightly “ghosting” or “blooming” around the edges of bright objects.

While IPS is a term that was coined by LG, a similar technology called PLS (Plane-to-Line Switching) behaves in much the same way but was designed by Samsung instead. Performance is similar enough that the term IPS may be used by some to refer to a PLS type display.

IPS displays offer the widest viewing angles of any LCD technology. This makes them ideal for use in televisions and monitors that will be viewed from any angle that isn’t face-on.

These panels also offer excellent color reproduction and deep blacks. For this reason, they are often favored by artists, photographers, and video editors. Keep in mind that buying an IPS display alone won’t get you truly accurate colors and that you will need to calibrate your display if you want to rely on it for accurate creative work.

These panels are often paired with bright backlights which deliver great peak brightness in HDR content, and good performance in bright sunlight. This is particularly true in conditions where glare is a problem since wide viewing angles allow you to change the angle of the screen (by tilting a laptop, for example) without sacrificing image quality.

For gamers, IPS displays generally offer faster response times than vertical alignment (VA) type displays. While once rare, high refresh rate IPS panels are now more common and affordable than they once were.

No technology is perfect, and IPS panels are no different. While these types of display offer the best color reproduction, they can’t match the contrast ratio seen on a VA-type panel. This is why many TVs use VA panels over IPS, a decision that sacrifices viewing angles for a richer image.

IPS panels are also generally more expensive than the alternatives since they’re more expensive to manufacture. Some fast VA panels aimed at gamers may cost more, but most are cheaper than your average IPS.

Finally, IPS panels may use more power than other similar technologies like TN. They use considerably more power than OLED displays, which are the most efficient types of display currently on sale.

Learn more about how IPS, TN, and VA displays compare, and check out our best all-around monitor and best gaming monitor recommendations if you’re thinking of picking one up.

IPS (in-plane switching) is a screen technology for liquid-crystal displays (LCDs). In IPS, a layer of liquid crystals is sandwiched between two glass surfaces. The liquid crystal molecules are aligned parallel to those surfaces in predetermined directions (in-plane). The molecules are reoriented by an applied electric field, whilst remaining essentially parallel to the surfaces to produce an image. It was designed to solve the strong viewing angle dependence and low-quality color reproduction of the twisted nematic field effect (TN) matrix LCDs prevalent in the late 1980s.

The TN method was the only viable technology for active matrix TFT LCDs in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Early panels showed grayscale inversion from up to down,Vertical Alignment (VA)—that could resolve these weaknesses and were applied to large computer monitor panels.

One approach patented in 1974 was to use inter-digitated electrodes on one glass substrate only to produce an electric field essentially parallel to the glass substrates.

After thorough analysis, details of advantageous molecular arrangements were filed in Germany by Guenter Baur et al. and patented in various countries including the US on 9 January 1990.Fraunhofer Society in Freiburg, where the inventors worked, assigned these patents to Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.

Shortly thereafter, Hitachi of Japan filed patents to improve this technology. A leader in this field was Katsumi Kondo, who worked at the Hitachi Research Center.thin-film transistor array as a matrix and to avoid undesirable stray fields in between pixels.Super IPS). NEC and Hitachi became early manufacturers of active-matrix addressed LCDs based on the IPS technology. This is a milestone for implementing large-screen LCDs having acceptable visual performance for flat-panel computer monitors and television screens. In 1996, Samsung developed the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain LCD. Multi-domain and in-plane switching subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs through 2006.

IPS technology is widely used in panels for TVs, tablet computers, and smartphones. In particular, most IBM products was marketed as CCFL backlighting, and all Apple Inc. products marketed with the label backlighting since 2010.

Most panels also support true 8-bit-per-channel colour. These improvements came at the cost of a lower response time, initially about 50 ms. IPS panels were also extremely expensive.

IPS has since been superseded by S-IPS (Super-IPS, Hitachi Ltd. in 1998), which has all the benefits of IPS technology with the addition of improved pixel refresh timing.

In this case, both linear polarizing filters P and A have their axes of transmission in the same direction. To obtain the 90 degree twisted nematic structure of the LC layer between the two glass plates without an applied electric field (OFF state), the inner surfaces of the glass plates are treated to align the bordering LC molecules at a right angle. This molecular structure is practically the same as in TN LCDs. However, the arrangement of the electrodes e1 and e2 is different. Because they are in the same plane and on a single glass plate, they generate an electric field essentially parallel to this plate. The diagram is not to scale: the LC layer is only a few micrometers thick and so is very small compared with the distance between the electrodes.

The LC molecules have a positive dielectric anisotropy and align themselves with their long axis parallel to an applied electrical field. In the OFF state (shown on the left), entering light L1 becomes linearly polarized by polarizer P. The twisted nematic LC layer rotates the polarization axis of the passing light by 90 degrees, so that ideally no light passes through polarizer A. In the ON state, a sufficient voltage is applied between electrodes and a corresponding electrical field E is generated that realigns the LC molecules as shown on the right of the diagram. Here, light L2 can pass through polarizer A.

In practice, other schemes of implementation exist with a different structure of the LC molecules – for example without any twist in the OFF state. As both electrodes are on the same substrate, they take more space than TN matrix electrodes. This also reduces contrast and brightness.

Unlike TN LCDs, IPS panels do not lighten or show tailing when touched. This is important for touch-screen devices, such as smartphones and tablet computers.

Toward the end of 2010 Samsung Electronics introduced Super PLS (Plane-to-Line Switching) with the intent of providing an alternative to the popular IPS technology which is primarily manufactured by LG Display. It is an "IPS-type" panel technology, and is very similar in performance features, specs and characteristics to LG Display"s offering. Samsung adopted PLS panels instead of AMOLED panels, because in the past AMOLED panels had difficulties in realizing full HD resolution on mobile devices. PLS technology was Samsung"s wide-viewing angle LCD technology, similar to LG Display"s IPS technology.

In 2012 AU Optronics began investment in their own IPS-type technology, dubbed AHVA. This should not be confused with their long standing AMVA technology (which is a VA-type technology). Performance and specs remained very similar to LG Display"s IPS and Samsung"s PLS offerings. The first 144 Hz compatible IPS-type panels were produced in late 2014 (used first in early 2015) by AUO, beating Samsung and LG Display to providing high refresh rate IPS-type panels.

Cross, Jason (18 March 2012). "Digital Displays Explained". TechHive. PC World. p. 4. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2015.

"TFT Technology: Enhancing the viewing angle". Riverdi (TFT Module Manufacturer). Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016. However, [twisted nematic] suffers from the phenomenon called gray scale inversion. This means that the display has one viewing side in which the image colors suddenly change after exceeding the specified viewing angle. (see image Inversion Effect) External link in |quote= (help)

tech2 News Staff (19 May 2011). "LG Announces Super High Resolution AH-IPS Displays". Firstpost.com. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015.

Baker, Simon (30 April 2011). "Panel Technologies: TN Film, MVA, PVA and IPS Explained". Tftcentral.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2012.

Ivankov, Alex (1 September 2016). "Advantages and disadvantages of IPS screen technology". Version Daily. Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.

"Samsung PLS improves on IPS displays like iPad"s, costs less". electronista.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.

Responsible for performing installations and repairs (motors, starters, fuses, electrical power to machine etc.) for industrial equipment and machines in order to support the achievement of Nelson-Miller’s business goals and objectives:

• Perform highly diversified duties to install and maintain electrical apparatus on production machines and any other facility equipment (Screen Print, Punch Press, Steel Rule Die, Automated Machines, Turret, Laser Cutting Machines, etc.).

• Provide electrical emergency/unscheduled diagnostics, repairs of production equipment during production and performs scheduled electrical maintenance repairs of production equipment during machine service.

A type of LCD panel technology. In this type of panel, when no electric current is running through the liquid crystal cells, the cells naturally align in liquid crystal cells in a horizontal direction between two substrate panes of glass which blocks the transmission of light from the backlight. This renders the crystals opaque and results in a black display screen. When an electric current is applied, the liquid crystal cells are able rotate freely through 90° allowing light to pass through resulting in a white display screen. IPS panels have superior image quality, good contrast ratio and wide viewing angles of up to 178°. IPS panels are well suited for graphics design and other applications which require accurate and consistent color reproduction.

IPS stands for in-plane switching, a type of LED (a form of LCD) display panel technology. IPS panels are characterized as having the best color and viewing angles among the other main types of display panels, TN(twisted nematic) and VA(vertical alignment). However, IPS panels are also the most expensive of the three.

When choosing a PC monitor, you may opt for an IPS panel because of its great image quality. Their best use case is professional (art, graphics et cetera) work. On the other hand, gaming monitor manufacturers tend to opt for TN panels because they"re the fastest of the three main LED panel types and are speedy. In fact, for a while it was rare to find an IPS panel with a refresh rate high enough for acceptable gaming (at least 75 Hz, although most gaming monitors offer at least 144 Hz). This is changing, but, again, comes at a premium in terms of price.

Note that some display may be labeled "IPS-level" or some other variant. This means that the panel was not made by LG and, therefore, the vendor isn"t allowed to call the display IPS. However, the technology and end results should appear the same to the naked eye.

DisplayWorst viewing angles;Worst colorViewing angles typically better than TN, worse than IPS; Good color; Best contrast;Best image depthBest viewing angles; Best color

At the China International Display Industry Conference in 2018, JDI (Japan Display Inc) presented an “Introduction of JDI’s Latest Technology” speech and showed the picture below:

In this figure, the chart shows the trend of share in LCD (Liquid Crystal Display ) display technologies. JDI had a strong advantage in IPS technology because Hitachi, one of JDI main shareholders, is the company that initially developed IPS technology. Now we often see this word within display glossary or product specification. So, what is IPS?

IPS stands for In-Plane Switching. The name carries the implication of how the technology works by switching the liquid crystal molecules in only one plane.

Figure 2 (below) can help us to understand it a little better. On the left is the conventional LCD and on the right is the IPS technology LCD. The LC (Liquid Crystal molecule, same as below) in the LCD will change the direction following the electrode voltage. Conventional LCD’s LC switch with free angle including vertical and horizontal. But IPS" LC switch on horizontal plane only and the long axis of LC is always parallel to the substrate.

There is another difference in Figure 2 as well. In order to ensure the LC switching is only on one plane, the positive and negative electrodes are placed on the lower substrate. In conventional LCDs, they are placed on the on upper and lower substrate separately.

IPS is normally black without power and the light transmission is controlled by the electrode that is vertical with LC long axis. Higher voltage creates a sharper LC switching angle and thus lets more light through.

The most improvement of IPS technology is that it corrects the difference of view angle of conventional LCD screens. In Figure 3 (below), the projection size doesn"t change proportionally to the change in angle in traditional LCDs. The brightness is also not the same because of the phase delay and light transmission difference.

The LC of IPS LCD is horizontal, so the projection size is the same and there is not a brightness difference even you watch from a different direction. It is a fundamental solution to view direction differences that enlarges the viewing angle at the same time.

There are many other advantages of IPS. Some of note are the better color expression and higher contrast ratio is very high on static status because the switch angle can be controlled by voltage accurately.

Because LC is on a certain plane, the rippled area is small and it recovers quickly if the surface is pressed. For this reason, IPS LCDs have the popular name of “Hard Screen."

IPS does have some disadvantages. The Aperture Ratio is low and affects the light transmission as the positive and negative electrode both placed on the lower substrate. There is also a need for a brighter backlight and more power required for driving the LC switching.

There have been many subsequent technology developments on top of the IPS base that have different characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. The tend to have different viewing angles, brightness, contrast ratio and color saturation levels. They also come in at varying costs. Since they tend to be quite different in character, it"s important to evaluate them on their own merits and not treat them as the same technology. In a subsequent article, we will discuss some of the different technologies and some of the advantages that each bring.

If you"re looking for displays, please be sure to visit our sister site at displaymodule.com and check out the great selection of every type of display you can imagine!

An acronym for In-Plane Switching, IPS is an LCD technology. Patented in the early 1990s, IPS was designed to overcome issues associated with TN TFT displays, such as limited viewing angles and low-quality color reproduction. To this day, IPS liquid-crystal screens are widely used in mid-range and high-end consumer electronics.

Unlike the previous generation of LCDs, IPS products don"t display aftertouch marks on the screen. Furthermore, IPS displays feature twice as many transistors per pixel and a more robust backlight than their predecessors. As a result, In-Plane Switching displays deliver bolder colors, which can be viewed from different angles.

First-generation IPS products faced three main shortcomings in comparison to TFT LCDs: higher energy consumption, higher prices, and slower response time. As companies such as Hitachi and LG have invested heavily in this technology, the response time was reduced in later IPS generations, and there have been further developments, such as improved color accuracy.

In 2010, a competing technology was introduced by Samsung. Available at a lower cost, the brand’s Super PLS (Plane-to-Line Switching) pledges to provide better image quality, more brightness, and an even greater viewing angle flexibility. Other competitors have entered the market since then, such as AU Optronics" AHVA (Advanced Hyper-Viewing Angle), which offers higher refresh rates.

IPS monitors are typically preferred by photographers, designers, editors, and other individuals who rely on color accuracy for their tasks. Price and power consumption, however, are still significantly higher for IPS technology, which makes TN TFT (twisted nematic thin-film transistor) LCDs still be attractive options.

When it comes to smartphones, the display choice stands between IPS, OLED, and AMOLED. Although there is no clear winner in this competition, each technology has advantages and disadvantages, which may help you choose your next phone. Generally speaking, OLED and AMOLED produce more vibrant colors and blacker-looking blacks, allow for the use of the always-on clock display feature, and are also more power-efficient. IPS displays, on the other hand, may provide more color accuracy, are not as pricey, and don"t pose the risk of display burn-in.

{"backgroundColor":"#e6f4fa","sideMsg":{"t_id":"","language":{"en_us":"","en":""},"id":""},"data":[{"bannerInfo":{"t_id":"Page99ac68ad-81a6-4690-b009-3056fa278cfd","language":{"en_us":"%3Cp%3ESave%20up%20to%20%7BsavingPercent%7D%20during%20the%20End%20of%20Year%20Clearance%20Sale.%20Earn%203%25-9%25%20in%20rewards%20when%20you%20join%20MyLenovo%20Rewards%20for%20free.%26nbsp%3B%3Ca%20href%3D%22%2Fd%2Fdeals%2Fclearance-sale%2F%3FIPromoID%3DLEN944203%22%20target%3D%22_self%22%20textvalue%3D%22Shop%20Now%20%26gt%3B%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EShop%20Now%20%26gt%3B%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fp%3E","en":""},"id":"Page99ac68ad-81a6-4690-b009-3056fa278cfd"}},{"bannerInfo":{"t_id":"Pageea08be30-0ca7-4e9a-8875-4ffed32aece9","language":{"en_us":"%3Cp%3EFree%20expedited%20delivery%2C%20no%20minimum%20purchase%20required.%20Receive%20Holiday%20%0ADelivery%20on%20most%20in%20stock%20products.%20Shop%20by%2012%2F23%20at%2012%20PM%20ET.%3C%2Fp%3E","en":""},"id":"Pageea08be30-0ca7-4e9a-8875-4ffed32aece9"}},{"bannerInfo":{"t_id":"Page662da310-ad0a-45e3-b431-33741550da09","language":{"en_us":"%3Cp%3ENeed%20it%20today%3F%20Buy%20online%2C%20pick%20up%20select%20products%20at%20Best%20Buy.%26nbsp%3B%3Ca%20href%3D%22about%3Ablank%22%20rel%3D%22noopener%20noreferrer%22%20target%3D%22_blank%22%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3Ca%20href%3D%22%2Fd%2Fbopis%2F%3FIPromoID%3DLEN775727%22%20target%3D%22_self%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EShop%20Pick%20Up%20%26gt%3B%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fp%3E","en":""},"id":"Page662da310-ad0a-45e3-b431-33741550da09"}},{"bannerInfo":{"t_id":"Page152c4a74-cbf1-43e3-a1db-83a1f063e48d","language":{"en_us":"%3Cp%3EBad%20credit%20or%20no%20credit%3F%20No%20problem!%20Katapult%20offers%20a%20simple%20lease%20to%20own%20payment%20option%20to%20help%20get%20what%20you%20need.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%22%2Flandingpage%2Flenovo-financing-options%2F%3FIPromoID%3DLEN771093%22%20target%3D%22_self%22%3E%3Cstrong%3ESee%20if%20you%20Prequalify%20%26gt%3B%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fp%3E","en":""},"id":"Page152c4a74-cbf1-43e3-a1db-83a1f063e48d"}},{"bannerInfo":{"t_id":"Page4ee24c66-2ffc-4f87-9ef1-2f97446a6b60","language":{"en_us":"%3Cp%3ECross%20those%20names%20off%20your%20list%20with%20accessories%20and%20electronics%20under%20%24100.%26nbsp%3B%3Ca%20href%3D%22%2Fd%2Faccessories-under-50%2F%3FIPromoID%3DLEN331958%22%20target%3D%22_self%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EShop%20Gifts%20%26gt%3B%3C%2Fstrong%3E%3C%2Fa%3E%3C%2Fp%3E","en":""},"id":"Page4ee24c66-2ffc-4f87-9ef1-2f97446a6b60"}}],"autoRun":true}

Display technology has been evolving for more than a century and continues to drive innovations in the electronic device market. IPS technology was developed in the 90s to solve color and viewing angle issues.

IPS display panels deliver the best colors and viewing angles compared to other popular display planes, including VA (vertical alignment) and TN (twisted nematic).

LCDs (liquid crystal displays). IPS changes the behavior of an LCD’s liquid crystals to produce a sharper, more accurate picture. This technique allows IPS displays to deliver a higher quality viewing experience than other screen types like TN or VA.

IPS acts on the liquid crystals inside an LCD, so when voltage is applied, the crystals rotate parallel (or in-plane), allowing light to pass through them easily. By reducing the amount of interference in the light being produced by the display, the final image on the screen will be much clearer.

One of the leading advantages that IPS offer is its ability to deliver wide angles while preserving colors and contrast. This means you can view an IPS screen from nearly any angle and get an accurate representation of the image on-screen.

IPS display screens and monitors offer the best quality in different environments (direct sunlight, low light, indoors, or outdoors) compared to TNs or VAs.

IPS LCDs require about 15% more power than a standard TN LCD. OLED displays require much less power than IPS types due to the fact that they don’t require a backlight. The LCD IPS technology is not the ideal solution if you need an energy-efficient display. You’re better off choosing an OLED or TN TFT for a low-power solution.

Because of the newer and more advanced technology found in IPS displays, they’re more expensive to manufacture. For a more cost-effective solution, a TN LCD would be a better choice.

IPS displays provide a huge boost to viewing angles and color reproduction, but they don’t have the same contrast capabilities as some other competing display types. OLED displays are able to deliver true black by shutting off their active pixels completely, resulting in much higher contrast than IPS displays. If you’re looking for maximum contrast in your display, you’re better off with an OLED display.

Because of in-plane switching’s ability to boost viewing angles and retain color accuracy, it allows LCDs to compete with the high contrast images found on OLED displays.

If you don’t require the highest refresh rates and don’t mind slightly higher power consumption, then an IPS display will greatly benefit your project.

You may be surprised to know that not all LCD panels are created equal. That’s because there’s more than one type of LCD screen. While their differences are subtle, the type of panel technology significantly impacts its image quality and display performance.

In this post, we’ll compare the three types of LCD panel technologies – IPS vs. TN vs. VA – and the pros and cons of each. Knowing the differences is critical to help you find the best type that fits your needs.

The main difference between them is how they arrange and move the liquid crystal display (LCD) molecules in their panels. This, in turn, has a profound effect on image quality, refresh rate, and other performance factors.

A twisted nematic or TN monitor is the oldest and most common type of LCD still used today. It uses a nematic liquid crystal, meaning it has its molecules arranged in parallel, but not on a level plane. These can twist or untwist themselves when a voltage runs through them, hence the name. This twisting effect either allows or blocks light from passing through, turning screen pixels “on” or “off.”

In-panel switching (IPS) panels work similarly to TN monitors, except that the liquid crystal molecules are parallel to the glass panel of the screen. Instead of twisting like in TN monitors, these molecules rotate when a voltage is applied.

Vertical alignment (VA) displays arrange their LCD molecules vertically, perpendicular to the glass panel. When voltage is present, they tilt themselves instead of twisting or rotating.

Being the oldest LCD technology still in use today, TN monitors undoubtedly have their share of benefits, otherwise they wouldn’t have this much longevity! Comparing TN vs. IPS and VA, TN panels are the cheapest and fastest to manufacture. As a result, they are better for the more budget-conscious user. They’re also the most versatile LCD type and have no real-world limits on size, shape, resolution, and refresh rate.

You’ll be hard-pressed to find a TN monitor in a reasonable price range that can display 24-bit (8 bits per channel) color at a wide color gamut, and contrast is limited. The second problem with TN monitors is that because the molecules are not oriented uniformly across the plane, it suffers from a narrow viewing angle. That is, anyone looking at the screen off-axis, such as from a 45-degree angle, will most likely find the image completely un-viewable.

Comparing IPS vs. TN, the former is a drastic improvement over the latter. IPS panels resolve some of the limitations and problems of TN monitors, specifically color accuracy and issues with viewing angles. However, IPS panels suffer from a phenomenon called “IPS glow,” where you can see the display’s backlight clearly if you view it from the side.

Another significant limitation of IPS panels, particularly for gamers, is that they have the lowest refresh rates of any LCD type. And while the color fidelity is fantastic with IPS vs. VA, the latter has superior contrast ratios over the IPS panels.

The biggest strength of VA panels lies in their excellent contrast ratio. Keep in mind that irrespective of the LCD technology used, a backlight is required; this is typically LED. The LCD’s ability to block this light will determine how well it can reproduce blacks, and it’s in this detail where VA excels. That is, blacks are dark and rich in a VA panel vs. IPS. They also lie somewhere in the middle regarding overall image quality, color reproduction, viewing angle, and refresh rate. Overall, VA is a good compromise between TN and IPS.

A drawback of VA vs. IPS and TN is it exhibits an relatively high response time. As such, VA displays are more prone to motion blur and ghosting if you’re viewing fast-moving visuals on a screen, such as when you’re playing a racing game.

It’s worth noting that there is no universal “right” choice for choosing a type of LCD panel. Which one you pick depends on your budget, your intended use, and your expected outcome.

A TN monitor is best if you’re looking for a low-cost, readily available display for tasks that don’t rely on contrast and color accuracy, such as sending emails or typing a document or spreadsheet. They are also the best choice for competitive gamers who want the best refresh rates and response times to give them an edge in online multiplayer games, despite a technically lower image quality.

With their superior color reproduction, IPS panels are best for graphic designers, film editors, photographers, and other visual design professionals. For them, image quality including contrast and color accuracy are more important than refresh rates. IPS panels are also fantastic for casual gamers who want the best visuals and don’t mind the compromise in refresh rate or response time.

If you’re looking for a solid middle-ground for both graphic and non-graphic work, VA works as a general-purpose monitor. While its high response times are unsuitable for gamers, it’s a technology that’s more than suitable for watching movies or TV shows.

Whichever LCD type you choose, make sure you get the right cable, a Premium High Speed HDMI® Cable, or an Ultra High Speed HDMI® Cable to ensure delivery of all the HDMI 2.1 features. Doing this ensures that you’ll get the best experience on your screen.

The Adopted Trademarks HDMI, HDMI High-Definition Multimedia Interface, Premium High Speed HDMI Cable, Ultra High Speed HDMI Cable, and HDMI Logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of HDMI Licensing Administrator, Inc.

When it comes todisplay technologies such asprojectorsand panels, factors such as resolution and refresh rate are often discussed. But the underlying technology is equally, if not more, important. There are tons of different types of screens, from OLED and LED to TN, VA, and IPS. Learn about the various monitor and television types, from operation to pros and cons!

1)Film layer that polarizes light entering2)glass substrate that dictates the dark shapes when the LCD screen is on3)Liquid crystal layer4)glass substrate that lines up with the horizontal filter5)Horizontal film filter letting light through or blocking it6)Reflective surface transmitting an image to the viewer

The most common form of monitor or TV on the market is LCD or Liquid Crystal Display. As the name suggests, LCDs use liquid crystals that alter the light to generate a specific colour. So some form of backlighting is necessary. Often, it’s LED lighting. But there are multiple forms of backlighting.

LCDs have utilized CCFLs or cold cathode fluorescent lamps. An LCD panel lit with CCFL backlighting benefits from extremely uniform illumination for a pretty even level of brightness across the entire screen. However, this comes at the expense of picture quality. Unlike an LED TV, cold cathode fluorescent lamp LCD monitors lack dimming capabilities. Since the brightness level is even throughout the entire array, a darker portion of scenes might look overly lit or washed out. While that might not be as obvious in a room filled with ambient light, under ideal movie-watching conditions, or in a dark room, it’s noticeable. LED TVs have mostly replaced CCFL.

An LCD panel is transmissive rather than emissive. Composition depends on the specific form of LCD being used, but generally, pixels are made up of subpixel layers that comprise the RGB (red-green-blue) colour spectrum and control the light that passes through. A backlight is needed, and it’s usually LED for modern monitors.

While many newer TVs and monitors are marketed as LED TVs, it’s sort of the same as an LCD TV. Whereas LCD refers to a display type, LED points to the backlighting in liquid crystal display instead. As such, LED TV is a subset of LCD. Rather than CCFLs, LEDs are light-emitting diodes or semiconductor light sources which generate light when a current passes through.

LED TVs boast several different benefits. Physically, LED television tends to be slimmer than CCFL-based LCD panels, and viewing angles are generally better than on non-LED LCD monitors. So if you’re at an angle, the picture remains relatively clear nonetheless. LEDs are also extremely long-lasting as well as more energy-efficient. As such, you can expect a lengthy lifespan and low power draw. Chances are you’ll upgrade to a new telly, or an internal part will go out far before any LEDs cease functioning.

Further segmenting LED TVs down, you’ll find TN panels. A TN display or Twisted Nematic display offers a low-cost solution with low response time and low input lag. TN monitors sport high refresh rates, so 100Hz, 144Hz, or higher. Thus, many monitors marketed toward gamers feature TN technology. Unfortunately, while an affordable, fast panel may sound ideal, TN panels suffer from inferior colour reproduction and horrible viewing angles. A TN panel works so that liquid crystal molecules point at the viewer, and light polarizers are oriented at 90-degree angles.

Like TN, IPS or In-plane Switching displays are a subset of LED panels. IPS monitors tend to boast accurate colour reproduction and great viewing angles. Price is higher than on TN monitors, but in-plane switching TVs generally feature a better picture when compared with twisted nematic sets. Latency and response time can be higher on IPS monitors meaning not all are ideal for gaming.

An IPS display aligns liquid crystals in parallel for lush colours. Polarizing filters have transmission axes aligned in the same direction. Because the electrode alignment differs from TN panels, black levels, viewing angles, and colour accuracy is much better. TN liquid crystals are perpendicular.

A VA or vertical alignment monitor features excellent contrast ratios, colour reproduction, and viewing angles. It’s a type of LED monitor with crystals perpendicular to the polarizers at right angles like TN monitors. Pricing varies, but response time isn’t as high as a TN monitor.

A quantum dot LED TV or QLED is yet another form of LED television. But it’s drastically different from other LED variants. Whereas most LED panels use a white backlight, quantum dot televisions opt for blue lights. In front of these blue LEDs sits a thin layer of quantum dots. These quantum dots in a screen glow at specific wavelengths of colour, either red, green, or blue, therefore comprising the entire RGB (red-green-blue) colour spectrum required to create a colour TV image.

QLED TV sets are thus able to achieve many more local dimming zones than other LED TVs. As opposed to uniform backlighting, local dimming zones can vary backlighting into zones for adjustable lighting to show accurate light and dark scenes. Quantum Dot displays maintain an excellent, bright image with precise colour reproduction.

An OLED or organic light-emitting diode display isn’t another variation of LED. OLEDs use negatively and positively charged ions for illuminating individual pixels. By contrast, LCD/LED TVs use a backlight that can make an unwanted glow. In OLED display, there are several layers, including a substrate, anode, hole injection layer, hole transport layer, an emissive layer, blocking layer, electron transport layer, and cathode. The emissive layer comprised of an electroluminescent layer of film is nestled between an electron-injecting cathode and an electron removal layer, the anode. OLEDs benefit from darker blacks and eschew any unwanted screen glow. Because OLED panels are made up of millions of individual subpixels, the pixels themselves emit light, and it’s, therefore, an emissive display as opposed to a transmissive technology like LCD/LED panels where a backlight is required behind the pixels themselves.

Image quality is top-notch. OLED TVs feature superb local dimming capabilities. The contrast ratio is unrivalled, even by the best of QLEDs, since pixels not used may be turned off. There’s no light bleed, black levels are incredible, excellent screen uniformity, and viewing angles don’t degrade the picture. Unfortunately, this comes at a cost. OLEDs are pricey, and the image isn’t as bright overall when compared to LED panels. For viewing in a darkened room, that’s fine, but ambient lighting isn’t ideal for OLED use.

What is an OLED:Organic light-emitting diode display, non-LED. Emissive technology is where negatively and positively charged ions illuminate individual pixels in a display.

As you can see, there are tons of different types of displays, each with their advantages and disadvantages. Although many monitors and TVs are referred to by different names like LED, IPS, VA, TN, or QLED, many are variations of LCD panels. However, specific technology such as the colour of backlighting and alignment of pixels dictates the picture quality. OLED is an entirely different form of display that’s not LED. Now that you understand the various types of monitors and televisions on the market, you can select the best TV to fit your needs!

If you’ve ever begun searching for a new computer screen, chances are you’ve probably come across the term IPS. It’s at this point that you may be asking yourself, what is an IPS monitor? And how do I know if an IPS monitor is right for me?

So, why is this important? A monitor’s panel technology is important because it affects what the monitor can do and for which uses it is best suited. Each of the monitor panel types listed above offer their own distinctive benefits and drawbacks.

Choosing which type of monitor panel type to buy will depend largely on your intended usage and personal preference. After all, gamers, graphic designers, and office workers all have different requirements. Specific types of displays are best suited for different usage scenarios.

The reason for this is because none of the different monitor panel types as they are today can be classified as “outstanding” for all of the attributes mentioned above.

Below we’ll take a look at how IPS, TN, and VA monitors affect screen performance and do some handy summaries of strengths, weaknesses, and best-case uses for each type of panel technology.

IPS monitors or “In-Plane Switching” monitors, leverage liquid crystals aligned in parallel to produce rich colors. IPS panels are defined by the shifting patterns of their liquid crystals. These monitors were designed to overcome the limitations of TN panels. The liquid crystal’s ability to shift horizontally creates better viewing angles.

IPS monitors continue to be the display technology of choice for users that want color accuracy and consistency. IPS monitors are really great when it comes to color performance and super-wide viewing angles. The expansive viewing angles provided by IPS monitors help to deliver outstanding color when being viewed from different angles. One major differentiator between IPS monitors and TN monitors is that colors on an IPS monitor won’t shift when being viewed at an angle as drastically as they do on a TN monitor.

IPS monitor variations include S-IPS, H-IPS, e-IPS and P-IPS, and PLS (Plane-to-Line Switching), the latter being the latest iteration. Since these variations are all quite similar, they are all collectively referred to as “IPS-type” panels. They all claim to deliver the major benefits associated with IPS monitors – great color and ultra-wide viewing angles.

When it comes to color accuracy, IPS monitors surpass the performance of TN and VA monitors with ease. While latest-gen VA technologies offer comparative performance specs, pro users still claim that IPS monitors reign supreme in this regard.

Another important characteristic of IPS monitors is that they are able to support professional color space technologies, such as Adobe RGB. This is due to the fact that IPS monitors are able to offer more displayable colors, which help improve color accuracy.

In the past, response time and contrast were the initial weakness of IPS technology. Nowadays, however, IPS monitor response times have advanced to the point where they are even capable of satisfying gamers, thus resulting in a rising popularity in IPS monitors for gaming.

With regard to gaming, some criticisms IPS monitors include more visible motion blur coming as a result of slower response times, however the impact of motion blur will vary from user to user. In fact, mixed opinions about the “drawbacks” of IPS monitor for gaming can be found all across the web. Take this excerpt from one gaming technology writer for example: “As for pixel response, opinions vary. I personally think IPS panels are quick enough for almost all gaming. If your gaming life is absolutely and exclusively about hair-trigger shooters, OK, you’ll want the fastest response, lowest latency LCD monitor. And that means TN. For the rest of us, and certainly for those who place even a modicum of importance on the visual spectacle of games, I reckon IPS is clearly the best panel technology.” Read the full article here.

IPS monitors deliver ultra-wide 178-degree vertical and horizontal viewing angles. Graphic designers, CAD engineers, pro photographers, and video editors will benefit from using an IPS monitor. Many value the color benefits of IPS monitors and tech advances have improved IPS panel speed, contrast, and resolution. IPS monitors are more attractive than ever for general desktop work as well as many types of gaming. They’re even versatile enough to be used in different monitor styles, so if you’ve ever compared an ultrawide vs. dual monitor setup or considered the benefits of curved vs. flat monitors, chances are you’ve already come into contact with an IPS panel.

TN monitors, or “Twisted Nematic” monitors, are the oldest LCD panel types around. TN panels cost less than their IPS and VA counterparts and are a popular mainstream display technology for desktop and laptop displays.

Despite their lower perceived value, TN-based displays are the panel type preferred by competitive gamers. The reason for this is because TN panels can achieve a rapid response time and the fastest refresh rates on the market (like this 240Hz eSports monitor). To this effect, TN monitors are able to reduce blurring and screen tearing in fast-paced games when compared to an IPS or VA panel.

On the flip side, however, TN panel technology tends to be ill-suited for applications that benefit from wider viewing angles, higher contrast ratios, and better color accuracy. That being said, LED technology has helped shift the perspective and today’s LED-backlit TN models offer higher brightness along with better blacks and higher contrast ratios.

The greatest constraint of TN panel technology, however, is a narrower viewing angle as TN monitors experience more color shifting than other types of panels when being viewed at an angle.

Today’s maximum possible viewing angles are 178 degrees both horizontally and vertically (178º/178º), yet TN panels are limited to viewing angles of approximately 170 degrees horizontal and 160 degrees vertical (170º /160º).

In fact, TN monitor can sometimes be easily identified by the color distortion and contrast shifting that’s visible at the edges of the screen. As screen sizes increase, this issue becomes even more apparent as reduced color performance can even begin to be seen when viewing the screen from a dead-center position.

For general-purpose use, these shifts in color and contrast are often irrelevant and fade from conscious perception. However, this color variability makes TN monitors a poor choice for color-critical work like graphic design and photo editing. Graphic designers and other color-conscious users should also avoid TN displays due to their more limited range of color display compared to the other technologies.

TN monitors are the least expensive panel technology, making them ideal for cost-conscious businesses and consumers. In addition, TN monitors enjoy unmatched popularity with competitive gamers and other users who seek rapid graphics display.

Vertical alignment (VA) panel technology was developed to improve upon the drawbacks of TN. Current VA-based monitors offer muchhigher contrast, better color reproduction, and wider viewing angles than TN panels. Variations you may see include P-MVA, S-MVA, and AMVA (Advanced MVA).

These high-end VA-type monitors rival IPS monitors as the best panel technology for professional-level color-critical applications. One of the standout features of VA technology is that it is particularly good at blocking light from the backlight when it’s not needed. This enables VA panels to display deeper blacks and static contrast ratios of up to several times higher than the other LCD technologies. The benefit of this is that VA monitors with high contrast ratios can deliver intense blacks and richer colors.

Contrast ratio is the measured difference between the darkest blacks and the brightest whites a monitor can produce. This measurement provides information about the amount of grayscale detail a monitor will deliver. The higher the contrast ratio, the more visible detail.

These monitors also provide more visible details in shadows and highlights, making them ideal for enjoying videos and movies. They’re also a good fit for games focused on rich imagery (RPG games for example) rather than rapid speed (such as FPS games).

MVA and other recent VA technologies offer the highest static contrast ratios of any panel technology. This allows for an outstanding visual experience for movie enthusiasts and other users seeking depth of detail. Higher-end, feature-rich MVA displays offer the consistent, authentic color representation needed by graphic designers and other pro users.

There is another type of panel technology that differs from the monitor types discussed above and that is OLED or “Organic Light Emitting Diode” technology. OLEDs differ from LCDs because they use positively/negatively charged ions to light up every pixel individually, while LCDs use a backlight, which can create an unwanted glow. OLEDs avoid screen glow (and create darker blacks) by not using a backlight. One of the drawbacks of OLED technology is that it is usually pricier than any of the other types of technology explained.

When it comes to choosing the right LCD panel technology, there is no single right answer. Each of the three primary technologies offers distinct strengths and weaknesses. Looking at different features and specs helps you identify which monitor best fits your needs.

With the lowest cost and fastest response times, TN monitors are great for general use and gaming. VA monitor offers a step up for general use. Maxed-out viewing angles and high contrast ratios make VA monitors great for watching movies and image-intensive gaming.

IPS monitors offer the greatest range of color-related features and remain the gold standard for photo editing and color-critical pro uses. Greater availability and lower prices make IPS monitors a great fit for anyone who values outstanding image quality.

LCD or “Liquid Crystal Display” is a type of monitor panel that embraces thin layers of liquid crystals sandwiched between two layers of filters and electrodes.

While CRT monitors used to fire electrons against glass surfaces, LCD monitors operate using backlights and liquid crystals. The LCD panel is a flat sheet of material that contains layers of filters, glass, electrodes, liquid crystals, and a backlight. Polarized light (meaning only half of it shines through) is directed towards a rectangular grid of liquid crystals and beamed through.

Liquid Crystals (LCs) are used because of their unique ability to maintain a parallel shape. Acting as both a solid and liquid, LCs are able to react quickly to changes in light patterns. The optical properties of LCs are activated by electric current, which is used to switch liquid crystals between phases. In turn, each pixel generates an RGB (red, green, blue) color based on the phase it’s in.

Note: When searching for monitors you can be sure to come across the term “LED Panel” at some point or another. An LED panel is an LCD screen with an LED – (Light Emitting Diode) – backlight. LEDs provide a brighter light source while using much less energy. They also have the ability to produce white color, in addition to traditional RGB color, and are the panel type used in HDR monitors.

Early LCD panels used passive-matrix technology and were criticized for blurry imagery. The reason for this is because quick image changes require liquid crystals to change phase quickly and passive matrix technology was limited in terms of how quickly liquid crystals could change phase.

As a result, active-matrix technology was invented and transistors (TFTs) began being used to help liquid crystals retain their charge and change phase more quickly.

Thanks to active-matrix technology, LCD monitor panels were able to change images very quickly and the technology began being used by newer LCD panels.

Ultimately, budget and feature preferences will determine the best fit for each user. Among the available monitors of each panel type there will also be a range of price points and feature sets. Additionally, overall quality may vary among manufacturers due to factors related to a display’s components, manufacturing, and design.

If you’re interested in learning more about IPS monitors, you can take a look at some of these professional monitors to see if they would be the right fit for you.

Alternatively, if you’re into gaming and are in the market for TN panel these gaming monitor options may be along the lines of what you’re looking for.

It is imperative to discuss the importance of checking for grounding of electrical appliances and other equipment. The nurse should provide examples of comm...

The purposed network architecture will consist of four deployable tough boxed server stack’s which will contain two Dell 1130 1U Rugged Dart Frogs server bla...

The fact that the electrical grid provides employees access to stay associated with one another, regardless of their location in the world, is an incredible ...

Edison originated the first electric grid and ever since, the electric grid has been rapidly expanding, spreading to millions of cities across the globe. Not...

The advance in technology implies incrementation in the number of devices, machines as well as systems which, require electrical energy to operate. Therefore,

All the companies have a product to cater the need but dell was able to come out with a solution which is cost effective and flexible. The other competitors ...

The actual dual-layer IPS panel is fabricated for the experiment to prove the proposed complex modulation theory in practice. Two identical IPS panel is fabricated, and then attached together with precisely aligned condition. Figure 3a shows the fabricated dual-layer IPS device and its photo image taken by optical microscope. Table 1 shows the basic parameters of the developed IPS display, and Fig. 3b shows the gray level input for certain LC tilt angles ranged from 0(deg.) to 35(deg.), for the IPS-LC panel used in the experiment. For the experimental demonstration, the required input for the full modulation is found based on the simulation result. For achieving Γ = 4π/3 instead of 2π/3, we set the LC panel cell gap d to 2.8 μm. The retardation Γ = 4π/3 is a multiple of 2π/3, and therefore it maintains the three-phase formula and simultaneously sets the cell gap close to industrially acceptable value. The required LC tilt angle pairs for 360-degree phase modulation and the corresponding operating voltage inputs are calculated by solving Eqs. (13)-(14). Figure 3c shows ϕ1 and ϕ2 producing 360-degree phase modulation with a constant amplitude. Conversely, we can obtain the amplitude modulation with a constant phase. From this data, the required pairs of gray level inputs for full complex modulation in Fig. 2b are found. The grayscale inputs presented in Fig. 3d are obtained for 360-degree full-phase modulation.

(a) Fabricated dual-layer IPS panel (inset) and its optical microscope image. (b) Relationship between the input gray level and the IPS-LC tilt angle. (c) Tilt angles of IPS-1 and IPS-2 in the dual-layer IPS panel required for 360-degree phase modulation and (d) grayscale inputs required for IPS-1 and IPS-2 for 360-degree phase modulation.

The gray scale input pairs analyzed in the Jones matrix model are used in the experiment to validate the devised Jones matrix model. We use a Mach–Zehnder Interferometer to measure the modulation characteristics of the designed dual-layer IPS SLM4a. The collimated light from a solid-state laser (532 nm Lighthouse Sprout-G) is split into signal and reference arms: the dual-layer IPS SLM is placed on the signal arm of the interferometer, and a pair of polarizers are placed on the reference arm to finely control the transmission power of the reference arm. The two light arms of optimally tuned power meet together at the CCD raising an interference pattern that allows us observe the phase delay of the signal arm. Figure 4b shows the double input 2560 × 1600 grayscale images for IPS1 and IPS2, which are composed of the upper and lower parts. The measured interference pattern has two distinctive patterns in its upper and lower sections. The lower interference pattern is the fixed reference and the upper laterally shifts according to the phase delay of the signal beam. The signal part inputs at the gray level from 0 to 255, and the reference part inputs black (gray level of 0), to measure the phase delay of the signal part.

(a) Schematic (upper panel) and actual setup (lower panel) of the Mach–Zehnder interferometer for the modulation characterization of the dual-layer IPS panel. (b) Two-section grayscale input image and the observed interference patterns, and the sinusoidal approximation process for the measured interference pattern. (c) Full 360-degree phase modulation characteristics of the dual-layer IPS panel.

By interpreting the relative lateral shift, we can determine the phase delay of the signal arm accurately. The signal processing of the phase delay extraction is illustrated as a three-step process: measuring the interference pattern, noise removal, and sinusoidal fitting to specify the lateral shift of the interference pattern. Finally, the phase delay is measured by comparing the phase of each part with the fixed reference pattern. Independent modulations of the amplitude and phase of the signal beam are carried out using the pairs of grayscale input values found by the numerical simulations. Firstly, the result verifies that amplitude-independent full 360-deg. phase modulation is possible with the designed device. This is shown on the polar coordinate plot in Fig. 4c, which shows some sampled phase modulation values for comparison with the simulation analysis. The amplitude modulation is almost fixed to a constant value for full 360 (deg.) phase modulation.

Table 2 shows a comparison of some sampled phase modulation values obtained from the simulation and the experimental phase modulation. The actual modulation interval differs to that of the simulation, and there is likely an unignorable difference in the parameters between the simulation parameter and those of the actual fabricated devices. Nevertheless, each input shows a distinct phase delay when reaching full phase modulation and it could be assumed that this error mostly originates from the fluctuation of the experimental system and the inaccuracy of the noise removal process.

Next, phase-independent amplitude modulation is tested by changing the desired amplitude value, while maintaining the phase. To minimize the unexpected noise factor and observe more accurate results, the amplitude variation should be limited to a maximum range. Although the maximum radius of the modulation circle is set to 0.26 beforehand, the maximum amplitude modulation at a particular phase could exceed that. Therefore, the phase was set to 150 (deg.), as shown in the inset image of Fig. 5, so that the amplitude value could change from 0 to 0.5. In order to change intensity linearly, the desired amplitude value should be quadratically increased. In the experimental results, as shown in the plot in Fig. 5, the phase value (right panel) remains almost constant as the intensity (left panel) increases linearly.

The observed output intensity (left panel) and phase variation (right panel) of the dual-layer IPS-LC SLM at the measurement of amplitude modulation. The inset image shows the straight-lined modulation path of this experiment presenting the amplitude-only modulation capability.

As full complex light modulation through dual-layer IPS panel is experimentally proven, a genuine complex computer-generated hologram (CGH) is designed and displayed to further validate the complex spatial light modulation capability of the dual-layer IPS panel. Two types of CGH experiments are set. The former is an experimental comparison of the diffraction pattern synthesis of a complex CGH, an amplitude-only CGH, and a phase-only CGH6a. The plane wave goes through the polarizer, the SLM, the analyzer, and a Fourier lens, sequentially, and generates a simple diffraction pattern on the CCD plane. In order to distinctively observe the noise term in the diffraction pattern, we added a DC noise rejection filter between the first Fourier plane and the CCD plane. The second setup shown in Fig. 6b is for a three-dimensional CGH image synthesis of a multi-depth object, allowing examination of the accommodation effect.

(a) Optical Fourier transform test setup and (b) 3D holographic image formation test setup. Schematics (upper panel) and implementation (lower panel) of the experimental systems are shown.

Complete complex modulation has been considered a feature of the ultimate holographic 3D display6b, the CCD perceives the optical scene from the SLM without any intermediate optical filter for a demonstration of a true complex holographic display demonstration. For the observation of the diffraction pattern and comparison with other modulation methods, a CGH with the text ‘KU’ is designed. All of the complex light information for the designed far-field CGH is numerically calculated using the angular spectrum method. Then the CGH is processed in three modulation methods: the amplitude modulation, the phase modulation, and the complex modulation. The maximum amplitude of the CGH is normalized to 0.2 in all methods to fit in the dual IPS modulation range. In the amplitude modulation method, only the amplitude information of the calculated CGH is taken and contributes the input pattern. This input image is put into a single IPS panel, which has exactly the same parameters as the dual-layer IPS, and with cross-pole condition. Figure 7a, d shows the simulated and observed far field distribution, respectively, with amplitude modulation. In case of phase modulation method, only the phase information for each pixel is taken. Since a single IPS panel is unable to achieve 360-degree phase modulation, the phase CGH is put into the dual IPS panel. The dual IPS tilt angles for corresponding phase value are obtained and contributes the input pattern. Here, the dual IPS acts as phase-only mode, keeping the amplitude unchanged. Figure 7b, e shows the simulated and observed far field distribution, respectively, with phase modulation. In the complex modulation with dual-layer IPS system, on the other hand, the dual-layer IPS tilt angles for the corresponding complex information are calculated to obtain a pair of grayscale images. This grayscale image pair is then used as the input for the dual-layer IPS panel and the CGH image is observed at the system. Figure 7c, f are the simulated and observed diffraction patterns with the complex modulation, respectively.

Numerical simulation (a–c) and experiment (d–f) for the optical Fourier transform of CGH: (a, d) the amplitude-only CGH (b, e) the phase-only CGH, and (c, f) the complex CGH. A DC noise rejection filter was used to distinctively observe conjugate noise reduction.

In the observation of all methods, the DC noise is suppressed to show the difference more distinctively. As a result, the observed image shows that little conjugate noise is observed at the complex CGH. A faint twin image is shown in the lower region of the field of view, which is most likely caused by a slight modulation error, because the input value is not continuous but a discrete gray level. However, the error can be disregarded compared to the amplitude CGH, which shows distinct conjugate noise, and it can be considered that the modulation capability has been achiev