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LCD is the abbreviation for liquid crystal display. An LCD basically consists of two glass plates with a special liquid between them. The special attribute of this liquid is that it rotates or “twists” the plane of polarized light. This effect is influenced by the creation of an electrical field. The glass plates are thus each coated with a very thin metallic film. To obtain polarized light, you apply a polarization foil, the polarizer, to the bottom glass plate. Another foil must be applied to the bottom glass plate, but this time with a plane of polarization twisted by 90°. This is referred to as the analyzer.
In the idle state, the liquid twists the plane of polarization of the incoming light by 90° so that it can pass the analyzer unhindered. The LCD is thus transparent. If a specific voltage is applied to the metallic film coating, the crystals rotate in the liquid. This twists the plane of polarization of the light by another 90°, for example: The analyzer prevents the light getting through, and the LCD thus becomes opaque.TN, STN, FSTN, blue mode, yellow-green mode
Liquids that twist the plane of polarized light by 90° are referred to as TN (Twisted Nematic). STN (Super Twisted Nematic) liquids twist the plane of polarized light by at least 180°. This gives the display improved contrast. However, this technology does color the display to a certain extent. The most common colors are referred to as yellow-green and blue mode. There is also a gray mode, which in practice is more blue than gray, however.
However, the different colors occur only in displays that are either not lit or that are lit with white light. If there is any color in the lighting (e.g. yellow-green LED lighting), it overrides the color of the display. A blue-mode LCD with yellow-green LED lighting will always appear yellow-green.Static or multiplex driving method
Small displays with a small viewing area are generally statically driven. Static displays have the best contrast and the largest possible angle of view. The TN technology fulfills its purpose to the full here (black and white display, reasonably priced). The bigger displays get, however, the more lines become necessary in static operation (e.g. graphics 128x64=8192 segments =8192 lines). Since there is not enough space on either the display or a driver IC for so many lines, multiplexing is used. The display is thus divided up into rows and columns, and there is a segment at each intersection (128+64=192 lines). Scanning takes place row by row (64x, in other words a multiplex rate of 1:64). Because only 1 row is ever active at any one time, however, the contrast and the angle of view suffer the higher the multiplex rate becomes. This makes it essential to use STN.Angle of view 6°°/12°°
Every LCD has a preferred angle of view at which the contrast of the display is at its optimum. Most displays are produced for the 6°° angle of view, which is also known as the bottom view (BV). This angle corresponds to that of a pocket calculator that is lying flat on a desktop.
LCDs without lighting are hard to imagine these days. However, since there are basically four different types of lighting, the type selected depends very much on the application. Here is a brief overview to clarify the situation:LED
Standard LCDs have a temperature range of 0 to +50°C. High-temperature displays are designed for operation in the range from -20 to +70°C. In this case, however, additional supply voltage is generally required. Since the contrast of any LCD is dependent on the temperature, a special temperature-compensation circuit is needed in order to use the entire temperature range, and this is particularly true for high-temperature displays (-20 to +70°C). Manual adjustment is possible but rather impractical for the user.
However, the storage temperature of a display should never be exceeded under any circumstances. An excessively high temperature can destroy the display very quickly. Direct exposure to the sun, for example, can destroy an LCD: This is because an LCD becomes darker (in positive mode) as it gets hotter. As it gets darker, it absorbs more light and converts it to heat. As a result, the display becomes even hotter and darker... In this way, temperatures of over 100°C can quickly be reached.Dot-matrix, graphics and 7-segment displays
The first LCDs were 7-segment displays, and they are still found today in simple pocket calculators and digital watches. 7 segments allow all of the digits from 0 to 9 to be displayed.
The semiconductor industry now offers a very large range of LCD drivers. We generally distinguish between pure display drivers without intelligence of their own, controllers with a display memory and possibly a character set, and micro-controllers with integrated LC drivers.
Pure display drivers work in a similar way to a shift register. They generally have a serial input. They require an external pulse, and in multiplex operation with high frequency they require new display data continuously in order to achieve a refresh frequency that is as high as possible (MSM5219, UPD7225, HD44100, LC7942, etc.). An example of a genuine controller is theHD44780 for dot-matrix displays: Once it has received the ASCII code, the controller manages its character set, memory and multiplexing entirely on its own. The following controllers are widely used for graphics displays: HD61202/3, HD61830, SED1520, SED1330, T6963.
Many ask themselves, "What is the difference between an LCD display and a TFT-display?" or "What is the difference between a TFT and an OLED display?". Here are these 3 sometimes extremely different display technologies briefly explained. LCD vs. TFT vs. OLED (comparison).
- The LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a passive display technology. The operation and the structure are described above. Passive means that an LCD can only darken or let out light. So it always depends on ambient light or a backlight. This can be an advantage because the power consumption of a LCD display is very, very low. Sometimes even less than the accumulated power consumption of an E-paper display, which in static operation requires absolutely no energy to maintain the content. To change the contents, however, a relatively large amount of power is required for an E-paper display.
LCDs can also be reflective, so they reflect incident light and are therefore legible even at maximum brightness (sunlight, surgical lighting). Compared to TFT and also OLED, they have an unbeatable advantage in terms of readability and power consumption :; the "formula" is: Sunlight = LCD.
- A TFT-display (of Thin-Film Transistor) is usually a color display (RGB). From the construction and the technology it corresponds to the LCD. It is also passive, so it needs a backlight. This is in any case necessary except for a few, very expensive constructions. However, a TFT needs much more light than the monochrome relatives, because the additional structures on the glass as well as the additional color filters "swallow" light. So TFTs are not particularly energy-efficient, but can display in color and at the same time the resolution is much higher.
- OLED displays (by Organic-Light-Emitting-Diode) are as the name implies active displays - every pixel or sign generates light. This achieves an extremely wide viewing angle and high contrast values. The power consumption is dependent on the display content. Here OLEDs to TFTs and LCDs differ significantly, which have a nearly constant power consumption even with different display contents. Unfortunately, the efficiency of converting the electric current into light energy is still very poor. This means that the power consumption of OLEDs with normal content is sometimes higher than that of a TFT with the same size. Colored OLEDs are increasingly used in consumer devices, but for the industry, due to their availability and lifetime, currently only monochrome displays are suitable (usually in yellow color).
In the reaction time, the OLEDs beat each TFT and LCD by worlds. Trise and Tfall are about 10μs, which would correspond to a theoretical refresh rate of 50,000 Hz. Possibly an advantage in very special applications.
Finally the question "What is better, LCD, OLED or TFT?" Due to the physical differences you can not answer that blanket. Depending on the application, there are pros and cons to each individual technology. In addition to the above differences, there are many more details in the design and construction that need to be individually illuminated for each device. Write us an e-mail or call us: we have specialists with some 20- and 30-year experience. We are happy to compare different displays together with you.AACS and IPS technology
Once more the new AACS technology (All-Angle-Color-Stability) improves the color stability for different viewing angles. It"s providing same color for 90° straight view as for 20° or 160° bottom or top view. There"s no more color shift or inverting effect.
A LED-backlit LCD is a liquid-crystal display that uses LEDs for backlighting instead of traditional cold cathode fluorescent (CCFL) backlighting.TFT LCD (thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display) technologies as CCFL-backlit LCDs, but offer a variety of advantages over them.
While not an LED display, a television using such a combination of an LED backlight with an LCD panel is advertised as an LED TV by some manufacturers and suppliers.
The local dimming method of backlighting allows to dynamically control the level of light intensity of specific areas of darkness on the screen, resulting in much higher dynamic-contrast ratios, though at the cost of less detail in small, bright objects on a dark background, such as star fields or shadow details.
A study by the University of California (Berkeley) from January 2016 suggests that the subjectively perceived visual enhancement with common contrast source material levels off at about 60 LCD local dimming zones.
LED-backlit LCDs are not self-illuminating (unlike pure-LED systems). There are several methods of backlighting an LCD panel using LEDs, including the use of either white or RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) LED arrays behind the panel and edge-LED lighting (which uses white LEDs around the inside frame of the TV and a light-diffusion panel to spread the light evenly behind the LCD panel). Variations in LED backlighting offer different benefits. The first commercial full-array LED-backlit LCD TV was the Sony Qualia 005 (introduced in 2004), which used RGB LED arrays to produce a color gamut about twice that of a conventional CCFL LCD television. This was possible because red, green and blue LEDs have sharp spectral peaks which (combined with the LCD panel filters) result in significantly less bleed-through to adjacent color channels. Unwanted bleed-through channels do not "whiten" the desired color as much, resulting in a larger gamut. RGB LED technology continues to be used on Sony BRAVIA LCD models. LED backlighting using white LEDs produces a broader spectrum source feeding the individual LCD panel filters (similar to CCFL sources), resulting in a more limited display gamut than RGB LEDs at lower cost.
The evolution of energy standards and the increasing public expectations regarding power consumption have made it necessary for backlight systems to manage their power. As for other consumer electronics products (e.g., fridges or light bulbs), energy consumption categories are enforced for television sets.
Using PWM (pulse-width modulation), a technology where the intensity of the LEDs are kept constant but the brightness adjustment is achieved by varying a time interval of flashing these constant light intensity light sources,
A first dynamic "local dimming" LED backlight was public demonstrated by BrightSide Technologies in 2003,Sony in September 2008 on the 40-inch (1,000 mm) BRAVIA KLV-40ZX1M (known as the ZX1 in Europe). Edge-LED lighting for LCDs allows thinner housing; the Sony BRAVIA KLV-40ZX1M is 1 cm thick, and others are also extremely thin.
LED-backlit LCDs have longer life and better energy efficiency than plasma and CCFL LCD TVs.mercury (an environmental pollutant) in their manufacture. However, other elements (such as gallium and arsenic) are used in the manufacture of the LED emitters; there is debate over whether they are a better long-term solution to the problem of screen disposal.
Because LEDs can be switched on and off more quickly than CCFLs and can offer a higher light output, it is theoretically possible to offer very high contrast ratios. They can produce deep blacks (LEDs off) and high brightness (LEDs on). However, measurements made from pure-black and pure-white outputs are complicated by the fact that edge-LED lighting does not allow these outputs to be reproduced simultaneously on screen.
Quantum dots are photoluminescent; they are useful in displays because they emit light in specific, narrow normal distributions of wavelengths. To generate white light best suited as an LCD backlight, parts of the light of a blue-emitting LED are transformed by quantum dots into small-bandwidth green and red light such that the combined white light allows for a nearly ideal color gamut generated by the RGB color filters of the LCD panel. In addition, efficiency is improved, as intermediate colors are not present anymore and don"t have to be filtered out by the color filters of the LCD screen. This can result in a display that more accurately renders colors in the visible spectrum. Other companies are also developing quantum dot solutions for displays: Nanosys, 3M as a licensee of Nanosys, QD Vision of Lexington, Massachusetts and Avantama of Switzerland.Consumer Electronics Show 2015.quantum dot displays at CES 2017 and later formed the "QLED Alliance" with Hisense and TCL to market the technology.
Mini LED displays are LED-backlit LCD with Mini LED–based backlighting supporting over a thousand of Full array local dimming (FALD) zones. This allows deeper blacks and higher contrast ratio.
LED backlights are often dimmed by applying pulse-width modulation to the supply current, switching the backlight off and on more quickly than the eye can perceive. If the dimming-pulse frequency is too low or the user is sensitive to flicker, this may cause discomfort and eyestrain (similar to the flicker of CRT displays at lower refresh rates).
Competing display technologies for the best image performance; A.J.S.M. de Vaan; Journal of the society of information displays, Volume 15, Issue 9 September 2007 Pages 657–666; http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1889/1.2785199/abstract?
Novitsky, Tom; Abbott, Bill (12 November 2007). "Driving LEDs versus CCFLs for LCD backlighting". EE Times. Archived from the original on 28 November 2010. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
Scott Wilkinson. "Ultimate Vizio Archived 26 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine". UltimateAVmag.com. Posted Fri 29 May 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
LED TVs: 10 things you need to know; David Carnoy, David Katzmaier; CNET.com/news; 3 June 2010; https://www.cnet.com/news/led-tvs-10-things-you-need-to-know/
Pixel-by-pixel local dimming for high dynamic range liquid crystal displays; H. Chen; R. Zhu; M.C. Li; S.L. Lee and S.T. Wu; Vol. 25, No. 3; 6 February 2017; Optics Express 1973; https://www.osapublishing.org/oe/viewmedia.cfm?uri=oe-25-3-1973&seq=0
"Implementing directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for televisions", 2009; http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32009R0642
Controlling Power Consumption for Displays With Backlight Dimming; Claire Mantel et al; Journal of Display Technology; Volume: 9, Issue: 12, Dec. 2013; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6520956
LCD Television Power Draw Trends from 2003 to 2015; B. Urban and K. Roth; Fraunhofer USA Center for Sustainable Energy Systems; Final Report to the Consumer Technology Association; May 2017; http://www.cta.tech/cta/media/policyImages/policyPDFs/Fraunhofer-LCD-TV-Power-Draw-Trends-FINAL.pdf Archived 1 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
Broadband reflective polarizers based on form birefringence for ultra-thin liquid crystal displays; S.U. Pan; L. Tan and H.S. Kwok; Vol. 25, No. 15; 24 July 2017; Optics Express 17499; https://www.osapublishing.org/oe/viewmedia.cfm?uri=oe-25-15-17499&seq=0
Polarisation-sensitive beam splitter; D.J. Broer; A.J.S.M. de Vaan; J. Brambring; European patent EP0428213B1; 27 July 1994; https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=EP&NR=0428213B1&KC=B1&FT=D#
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Our requirements for the best LCD/LED TV, including full-array local dimming and a true 120 Hz refresh rate, mean that most TVs out there don’t qualify for testing and contention in this guide. Also, TV makers have started reducing the number of 4K models they have, or reducing the features in those TVs, as they focus on 8K for their most high-end displays. We don’t think 8K is worth the investment yet, just as 4K wasn’t at the start, so we dismissed a number of premium TVs—but we still expect that prices on 8K TVs will come down over the next few years, and that 8K sets will replace 4K models as our best LCD/LED TV picks.
Because 8K LCD TVs are still so expensive but very little 8K content is available, we’ve opted not to consider 8K TV series from Samsung (QN900B, QN800B, and QN700B), LG (QNED99 and QNED95), and Sony (Z9K).
The Sony X90K impressed us with its brightness and color saturation, but for what you’re paying—$1,200 or more for a 65-inch size—it doesn’t offer the same value and local-dimming prowess as models equipped with mini-LED backlights. Test results included peak brightnesses upwards of 700 nits and very impressive black levels (as low as 0.006 nits) during ideal conditions, but the lack of mini-LEDs meant we saw more bloom (backlighting visible around bright objects situated against a dark or black background) than we’d prefer in this category. The X90K also isn’t capable of the same color saturation as models using a quantum dot substrate, which became apparent during HDR testing and viewing. If you’re specifically buying a TV to pair with a PS5, however, it’s a decent choice: Sony has designed its 2022 models to exhibit a specific parity with current PlayStation consoles. But we think most readers will be better served by mini-LED-equipped models that cost the same (or less) than the X90K. We did not consider the Sony X85K because it does not have local dimming, nor the Sony X80K because it is limited to a 60Hz refresh rate.
Unlike previous years, the Samsung QN95B is available to buy in the US market in 2022, but according to our contacts at Samsung, it’s almost identical to the QN90B we’re already testing save for its use of Samsung’s “One Connect” box, which puts all the AV connections in a separate box. While this simplification might appeal to some buyers, we don’t expect to test the QN95B Series unless it’s revealed to have markedly different performance. We also don’t intend to test the QN85B or Q80B because they use IPS (in-plane switching) LCD panels, which can’t produce the superior contrast that our picks can. We did not consider the Q70B because it uses edge LED lighting, nor the Q60B because it’s limited to a 60 Hz refresh rate. Samsung’s “BU” range of 4K LCD TVs for 2022 lack the hardware upgrades to gain consideration.
Likewise, many of LG’s 2022 LCD TVs—including the QNED90, NANO80, and NANO75 (which have IPS panels), the QNED80 (which is edge-lit), and the UQ Series—have hardware limitations that led to their dismissal.
The Hisense U8G improves upon the previous H9G by adding more zones of local dimming, full HDMI 2.1 support for new video game consoles, and highlights that pushed past 1,500 nits in our measurements. But in a situation similar to last year, in this model the Hisense hardware is let down by software that isn’t as refined as the competition’s. In our tests of SDR and HDR content, the gamma curve and EOTF, respectively, were too bright no matter what picture mode we selected, and we were unable to correct the problem. As a result, images looked more washed out and lacked pop compared with what we saw from the competition. With SDR video, shadow areas appeared closer to gray than black unless we significantly lowered the backlight, and then the image was too dim for many rooms. HDR images were brighter than they should have been, which also caused colors to be less saturated than on competing TVs, so the extra brightness was wasted. Dolby Vision content looked good, since Dolby Vision forces the image to be more accurate, but that doesn’t help with non-Dolby content. The video processing also fell behind, with noticeable jaggies on interlaced content like HDTV broadcasts or DVDs, which none of the other tested TVs had issues with.
Samsung’s QN85A has many of the same features as the QN90A but uses a different type of LCD panel with wider viewing angles but lower contrast ratios. It also uses a mini-LED backlighting system, but it can’t get as bright as the QN90A and has fewer dimming zones (though it costs less). Since the QN90A already does a good job of offering wider viewing angles than a conventional LCD, we chose to review and recommend it instead.
The more affordable Samsung Q80A also meets our requirements for this guide but, like the QN85A, uses a different type of LCD panel with especially poor black levels. Without the mini-LED backlighting system that the Neo QLED models use, the Q80A TV offers very poor contrast, making it almost impossible to recommend.
The TCL 6-Series (model R648) is a 2021 update to the 6-Series that adds 8K resolution and full HDMI 2.1 features, including 4K at 120 Hz, variable refresh rate, and automatic low-latency mode. Its full-array local dimming worked well in our tests, and its dynamic tone mapping better preserves HDR highlights. The HDMI 2.1 gaming features worked perfectly, too, with the TV automatically detecting our Xbox Series X and enabling variable refresh rate and game mode while displaying everything at 4K 120 Hz. But 8K is a feature that we don’t think you need right now due to the price premium, and it can actually have negative effects. This TCL model has to scale all 4K content to 8K to display it, and in our tests it scaled some content incorrectly—so a yellow and red neon sign became only red, for example. And film grain on Blu-ray discs was amplified; instead of being a fine grain, it was more apparent and noisier. For the same price, you can get either an OLED TV or our upgrade pick, the Samsung QN90A, both of which offer superior 4K performance today. If you need 8K, the TCL 6-Series R648 is a good option, but sticking with 4K gives you a better TV for the price.
We tested Vizio’s 2021 P-Series Quantum (P65Q9-J01) and found that it offers image quality almost indistinguishable from the Hisense U7G’s results, with nearly 1,000 nits of brightness. It also has a pair of HDMI 2.1 inputs that support 4K 120 Hz with HDR. But Vizio’s SmartCast streaming platform isn’t as nice to use as Android TV, and the app selection is far more limited. In addition, Vizio is still working out bugs in the 2020 models in relation to certain game consoles and other devices, which makes us wary of recommending them right now.
Shipments of LCD Monitors with Mini LED Backlighting Estimated at Approximately 51,000 units in 2021, Samsung Leads Market Share with 58%, Says TrendForce
High contrast and brightness Mini LED products have been developing aggressively, according to TrendForce’s investigations. Therefore, several LCD monitor brands have launched high-end LCD monitor products with Mini LED backlighting (Mini LED wafer size is defined as between 75~500µm). In 2021, the price of Mini LED-backlit LCD monitors fell between US$2,300 and US$5,000. For example, a 31.5-inch Mini LED backlit model is priced approximately 4 to 8 times that of model of the same size featuring a traditional LED backlight. This is a product that resides at the top of the pyramid. Due to high pricing and its recent introduction, market scale is relatively limited. Total shipments of LCD monitors equipped with Mini LED backlights is estimated at 51,000 units in 2021.
Looking forward to 2022, QD OLED LCD monitors and OLED LCD monitors will join the ranks of products fighting for a share of the high-end LCD monitor market. Mini LED LCD monitor shipments are forecast to reach 65,000 units at most in 2022, or an annual growth rate of 27%.
This year, Samsung was ranked first in market share in terms of Mini LED equipped LCD monitor brands. Its Mini LED LCD monitor targets e-sports players and emphasizes high cost performance, which Samsung has converted into a 58% market share. Dell focuses on professional creators as its main customer base, so its products are designed to meet highly-demanding specifications. Dell takes second place with a market share of 29%. ASUS also specializes in e-sports and comes in third with approximately 12% of the market.
In addition, in terms of the market share of Mini LED backlit LCD monitors based on size, there are currently only three product sizes on the market, 49-inch, 31.5-inch and 27-inch. Samsung has launched an exclusive 49-inch 32:9 model which accounts for the entirety of Samsung’s 58% market share. Both Dell and ASUS have launched 31.5-inch models that account for a 39% market share. Lastly, 27-inch models account for only a 3% market share.
Even though some say the picture quality of an LED TV is better, there is no straight answer for which has better picture quality since both TVs use the same kind of screen. For instance, a higher-end LCD TV can have a better quality than a low-end LED TV, but if you look at high-end models of either TV, the picture quality will be comparable.
RGB Dynamic LEDs show truer blacks and whites and thus get higher dynamic contrast ratio (which is desirable in a TV), at the cost of less detail in small bright objects on a dark background (such as star fields)
LED TVs use energy-efficient light emitting diodes (LED) for backlighting. These consume less power than cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL) used in traditional LCD televisions. Power savings are typically 20-30%.
Edge-LEDs (the most common) are positioned around the rim of the screen and use a special diffusion panel to spread the light evenly behind the screen.
Flat Screen LCDs, about an inch or two thick are more expensive, but also more popular because of their sleek look and the flexible options of standing on a surface or mounting on a wall.
Front projection LCDs or projectors, which project an image onto the front of the screen. The TV itself is just a box installed anywhere in a room, which projects the image onto a flat screen hung on the wall as large as 300 inches.
Rear projection LCDs, where the image is sent from the rear of the TV to the screen in front. Rear projection LCDs are wide, heavy and only available in large sizes (60" and up).