lcd panel and microprocessors brands

There has been a significant shift in the global display industry lately. Apart from new display technologies, the display world is now dominated by players in Asian countries such as China, Korea, and Japan. And rightly so, the world’s best famous LCD module manufacturers come from all these countries.

STONE Technologies is a proud manufacturer of superior quality TFT LCD modules and LCD screens. The company also provides intelligent HMI solutions that perfectly fit in with its excellent hardware offerings.

STONE TFT LCD modules come with a microcontroller unit that has a Cortex A8 1GHz Standard 256MB. Such a module can easily be transformed into an HMI screen. Simple hexadecimal instructions can be used to control the module through the UART port. Furthermore, you can seamlessly develop STONE TFT LCD color user interface modules and add touch control, features to them.

You can also use a peripheral MCU to serially connect STONE’s HMI display via TTL. This way, your HMI display can supply event notifications and the peripheral MCU can then execute them. Moreover, this TTL-connected HMI display can further be linked to microcontrollers such as:

In this post, we list down 10 of the best famous LCD manufacturers globally. We’ll also explore why they became among the reputable LCD module manufacturers in the world.

Samsung is the world’s largest semiconductor and consumer electronics manufacturer by revenue. The electronics giant is well-known for its smartphones and home appliances, but the company also manufactures LCD, LED, and OLED panels.

The success of this company didn’t come overnight. Samsung worked hard to establish independent product innovation and technology development strategies. All of these undertakings started in the late 1990s and paved the way for the success that Samsung is now enjoying since the 2000s.

Probably the most in-demand and popular display panel product for Samsung is their OLED technology. Most of its current smartphones use their trademark Super AMOLED displays. The technology allowed Samsung’s smartphones to be ultra-thin, with better image brightness, and less energy consumption.

Samsung now produces panels for smart TVs. With their ever-evolving technological expertise and high-quality products, the company shows no signs of slowing down as one of the world’s best famous LCD module manufacturers.

Established in 2004, Stone Technologies has been an emerging giant in the Chinese display industry. The company is headquartered in Beijing, China, and operates its manufacturing plants, sales, product testing, and R&D units from there.

Stone provides a professional product line that includes intelligent TFT-LCD modules for civil, advanced, and industrial use. Furthermore, Stone also creates embedded-type industrial PCs. The company’s products are all highly-reliable and stable even when used with humidity, vibration, and high temperatures.

One of the key strengths of Stone Technologies is its commitment to professionalism and client satisfaction. The company provides its clients with technical support such as demos, software training, and troubleshooting assistance. Also, Stone offers an unlimited warranty policy where a client may send back any product with damages and failures to be replaced completely for free.

Stone Technologies caters to a wide range of clients and industries, being among the world’s best famous LCD module manufacturers. The company’s products are used in the following industries:

Originally, LG Display was a joint venture of mother company LG Electronics and the Dutch company Phillips. They dedicated the company to creating active-matrix LCD panels. Another joint venture called LG. Phillips Displays was created to manufacture deflection yokes and cathode ray tubes.

However, Phillips decided to start selling its shares in 2008, and the dwindling company shares of Phillips prompted LG to change its corporate name to LG Display with approval from all existing shareholders.

Today, LG Display is headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. The company has eight manufacturing plants in South Korea, specifically in Paju and Gumi. LG Display also operates one module assembly plant in Wroclaw, Poland, as well as two others in Guangzhou and Nanjing, China.

LG Display has risen above the rest because of its world-class module products. Because of this, the company caters to a massive range of famous clients including Hewlett Packard, Apple, Sony, Dell, Acer, and Lenovo. LG Display also creates LCD modules and similar display panels for the company’s television product range.

Innolux Corporation is another famous LCD module manufacturer. This company was established in 2003 and is currently based in Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan.

The company is a well-known manufacturer of display panels in Taiwan. Innolux supplies TFT-LCD and LED panels, open cells, and touch modules for the following products:

Innolux has 14 manufacturing plants, with the main ones being in Zhunan and Tainan, Taiwan. Other plants are established in the Chinese areas of Shanghai, Nanjing, Foshan, and Ningbo. Each Innolux plant has a complete production line capable of manufacturing technologies ranging from 3.5G to 8.6G. Meanwhile, Taiwan remains the main hub of Innolux’s training center and R&D unit.

What makes Innolux stand out from other LCD module manufacturers is the company’s commitment to its humanistic qualities. Innolux believes that they are in the business to contribute to the well-being and prosperity of their customers. This is then achieved by creating world-class products that satisfy its clients.

Sharp is a Japanese company founded in 1912. It is now based in Sakai, Osaka Prefecture. The company produces various kinds of electronic products including mobile phones, LCD panels, calculators, PV solar cells, and consumer electronics. Sharp has produced TFT-LCD products as early as the 1980s.

For the regular public consumers, Sharp produces a variety of smart TVs and LCD TVs marketed under the Aquos brand. The company’s television line-up boasts of impressively high-quality technology. The TVs are equipped with technologies that support 4K and 8K UHD display, allowing for a great high-resolution viewing experience.

Meanwhile, Sharp operates several factories worldwide. Apart from plants in its native Japan, Sharp also has manufacturing plants in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Poland.

Sharp credits its success to the company’s commitment to sincerity and creativity. Sharp believes that sincere work and a creative mindset will bring fruitful progress for its clients, dealers, shareholders, and the entire company worldwide.

BOE Display is among the leading display manufacturers in the world. The company started in 1993 and is currently based in Beijing, China. Apart from display panels, BOE also manufactures smart systems using IoT technology.

The company manufactures display products for smartphones, computers, televisions, monitors, tablets, vehicles, wearable devices, and medical equipment. Specifically, here are some of the display products that BOE creates:

Manufacturing plants are based in several cities throughout China such as Beijing, Chengdu, Mianyang, Chongqing, Wuhan, and Hefei. Meanwhile, BOE has several R&D centers and global marketing units in almost 19 countries and regions. Such countries include the US, UK, South Korea, Japan, India, Singapore, and the UAE.

BOE’s success in the display industry is mainly due to its innovative technologies and capable manufacturing lines. Furthermore, the company has tied up with several famous clients including Huawei, Motorola, and Apple.

AU Optronics is another global leader in display solution technologies. The company is based in Taiwan and has been in operations since September 2001.

The company proudly utilizes high-end technologies to create world-class display solutions. For instance, AU’s production lines can manufacture a variety of display applications in a full panel size range. The manufacturing lines also support:

AU Optronics operates in countries such as Japan, Singapore, China, South Korea, the United States, and Europe. Its manufacturing plants are scattered across these countries, with the main factories being housed in Taiwan.

Sustainability is among the ultimate goals of AU Optronics. The company takes steps to integrate green solutions into their products for more sustainable development. This commitment to sustainability, among other strong qualities, makes AU Optronics one of the best LCD manufacturers in the world.

Toshiba is a huge Japanese multinational conglomerate company. It was founded in 1939 and is currently based in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. The company is engaged in a wide variety of businesses which also include display solutions for consumer households and industrial use.

Most of these products use TFT-LCD panels alongside other technologies to create ultra-high-definition images. Also, modern Toshiba display products incorporate IoT and artificial intelligence for a smarter product experience.

Kyocera is a Japanese LCD manufacturer. The company started in 1959 as a fine technical ceramics manufacturer but gradually added consumer electronics products to its offerings.

The Japanese company acquired Optrex Corporation in 2012. The acquisition paved the way for creating an R&D center and more production, sales, and marketing bases. Hence, Kyocera’s global LCD business boomed even more.

Kyocera Corporation is headquartered in Kyoto, Japan. Its Japanese manufacturing plants are located in areas such as Hokkaido, Fukushima, Kanagawa, Nagano, Shiga, and Kagoshima.

The company also operates factories, R&D centers, and marketing facilities in Asia, the Middle East, Europe, Africa, North and South America, and Oceania continents. Kyocera has a vast worldwide reach that makes it one of the world’s best famous LCD module manufacturers.

Tianma Microelectronics is a Chinese company specializing in display solutions. The company was established in 1953 and has since been a strong player in both the Chinese and worldwide display solutions industry.

All these high-end technologies make Tianma’s display products suitable for automotive, mobile phones, tablet PCs, industrial screens, avionic displays, medical equipment, and home automation products.

The company’s manufacturing facilities are established in various areas of China. These include Shanghai, Wuhan, Shenzhen, Xiamen, and Chengdu. Another plant has been operating in Akita, Japan.

Meanwhile, Tianma has sales and technical support available in countries such as Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Hongkong, Germany, and the United States.

Tianma is committed to creating a colorful life for all, as stated in the company mission. And indeed, the company does not fall short of fulfilling this mission. Tianma continues to create display solutions that fit the needs of several satisfied clients globally.

To wrap all this up, we listed 10 of the world’s best famous LCD module manufacturers. These are all highly-respected companies that built their reputations and climbed up the ladder of LCD module manufacturing. Their quality products, dedication to their craft, and excellent customer service truly make them among the world’s best display solutions providers.

STONE Technologies is a proud manufacturer of superior quality TFT LCD modules and LCD screens. The company also provides intelligent HMI solutions that perfectly fit in with its excellent hardware offerings.

STONE TFT LCD modules come with a microcontroller unit that has a 1GHz Cortex-A8 CPU. Such a module can easily be transformed into an HMI screen. Simple hexadecimal instructions can be used to control the module through the UART port. Furthermore, you can seamlessly develop STONE TFT LCD color user interface modules and add touch control, features to them.

You can also use a peripheral MCU to serially connect STONE’s HMI display via TTL. This way, your HMI display can supply event notifications and the peripheral MCU can then execute them. Moreover, this TTL-connected HMI display can further be linked to microcontrollers such as:

Becoming a reputable TFT LCD manufacturer is no piece of cake. It requires a company to pay attention to detail, have excellent manufacturing processes, the right TFT display technology, and have a consumer mindset.

Now, we list down 10 of the best famous LCD manufacturers globally. We’ll also explore why they became among the top 10 LCD display Manufacturers in the world.

BOE Technology Group Co., Ltd., founded in April 1993, is an IoT company providing intelligent interface products and professional services for information interaction and human health. BOE’s three core businesses are Interface Devices, Smart IoT Systems, and Smart Medicine & Engineering Integration.

Interface Devises Business includes Display and Senor, Sensor, and Application Solutions. As a leading company in the global semiconductor display industry, BOE has made the Chinese display industry develop from scratch to maturity and prosperity. Now, more than one-quarter of the global display panels are made by BOE, with its UHD, flexible display, microdisplay, and other solutions broadly applied to well-known worldwide brands.

Smart IoT Systems Business includes Intelligent Manufacturing Services, IoT Solution, and Digital Art IoT Platform. BOE provides integrated IoT solutions in smart retail, smart finance, digital art, business office, smart home, smart transportation, smart education, smart energy, and other fields. In the field of digital art, BOE has launched its digital art IoT solution – BOE iGallery, realizing the perfect combination of technology and art. For smart retail, BOE provides IoT solutions in price management, shelf management, and customer behavior analysis to achieve seamless online and offline convergence.

Smart Medicine & Engineering Integration Business includes Mobile Healthcare IoT Platform and Smart Healthcare Services. BOE has launched mobile platforms for healthcare management, based on AI and big data algorithms, to provide personalized medical treatment and health management services for users. Healthcare services combine medical, information, AI, cell engineering, and other technologies, focusing on the digital hospital, digital human body and regenerative medicine, etc., and is committed to developing comprehensive and life-cycle health management solutions.

In 2019, BOE’s yearly new-patent applications amounted to 9657, of which over 90% are invention patents, amounting to over 70,000 usable patents in total. Data from IFI Claims also shows that BOE has ranked 13th among the Top 50 USPTO (The United States Patent and Trademark Office), Patent Assignees, in 2019. According to the 2019 International PCT Applications of WIPO, BOE ranked No.6 with 1,864 applications.

BOE has manufacturing bases located in Beijing, Hefei, Chengdu, Chongqing, Fuzhou, Mianyang, Wuhan, Kunming, Suzhou, Ordos, Gu’an, etc. BOE boasts a global marketing and R&D centers in 19 countries and regions like the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, India, Russia, Brazil, and Dubai, with its service networks covering the world’s major areas such as Europe, America, Asia, and Africa.

LG Display is a leading manufacturer of thin-film transistor liquid crystal displays (TFT-LCD) panels, OLED, and flexible displays.LG Display began developing TFT-LCD in 1987 and currently offers Display panels in a variety of sizes and specifications using different cutting-edge technologies (IPS, OLED, and flexible technology).

LG Display now operates back-end assembly plants in South Korea, China, and Vietnam. In addition, LG Display operates a sales subsidiary with a global network to effectively serve overseas markets.

Samsung Electronics is South Korea’s largest electronics industry and the largest subsidiary of the Samsung Group. In the late 1990s, Samsung Electronics’ independent technology development and independent product innovation capabilities were further enhanced. Its product development strategy not only emphasizes “leading the technology but also using the most advanced technology to develop new products to meet the high-end market demand at the introduction stage”.In addition to the matching principle, it also emphasizes the principle of “leading technology, developing new products with the most advanced technology, creating new demand and new high-end market”.

Founded in 2003, Innolink listed its shares in Taiwan in 2006. In March 2010, it merged with Chi Mei Optoelectronics and Tong Bao Optoelectronics, the largest merger in the panel industry. Qunchuang is the surviving company and Chi Mei Electronics is the company name. In December 2012, it was renamed As Qunchuang Optoelectronics.

With innovative and differentiated technologies, QINNOOptoelectronics provides advanced display integration solutions, including 4K2K ultra-high resolution, 3D naked eye, IGZO, LTPS, AMOLED, OLED, and touch solutions. Qinnooptoelectronics sets specifications and leads the market. A wide range of product line is across all kinds of TFT LCD panel modules, touch modules, for example, TV panel, desktop and laptop computer monitor with panels, small and medium scale “panels, medical, automotive, etc., the supply of cutting-edge information and consumer electronics customers around the world, for the world TFT – LCD (thin-film transistor liquid crystal display) leading manufacturers.

AU Optronics Co., LTD., formerly AU Optronics Corporation, was founded in August 1996. It changed its name to AU Optronics after its merger with UNIOPtronics in 2001. Through two mergers, AU has been able to have a full range of generations of production lines for panels of all sizes.Au Optronics is a TFT-LCD design, manufacturing, and r&d company. Since 2008, au Optronics has entered the green energy industry, providing customers with high-efficiency solar energy solutions.

Sharp has been called the “father of LCD panels”.Since its founding in 1912, Sharp developed the world’s first calculator and LIQUID crystal display, represented by the living pencil, which was invented as the company name. At the same time, Sharp is actively expanding into new areas to improve people’s living standards and social progress. Made a contribution.

Sharp is committed to creating a unique company, creating life in the 21st century through unparalleled “originality” and “sophistication”, and is a sales company, operating video, home appliances, mobile phones, and information products throughout the major cities of the country. Establish a business point, establish a perfect after-sale service network, satisfy consumer demand.

BYD IT products and businesses mainly include rechargeable batteries, plastic mechanism parts, metal parts, hardware electronic products, cell phone keys, microelectronics products, LCD modules, optoelectronics products, flexible circuit boards, chargers, connectors, uninterruptible power supplies, DC power supplies, solar products, cell phone decoration, cell phone ODM, cell phone testing, cell phone assembly business, notebook computer ODM, testing and manufacturing and assembly business, etc.

Toshiba is a famous multinational company with a history of 130 years. It covers a wide range of businesses, including social infrastructure construction, home appliances, digital products, and electronic components. It covers almost every aspect of production and life. Toshiba has the largest research and development institution in Japan. Through unremitting innovation and development, Toshiba has been at the forefront of science and technology in the world.

From the introduction of Japan’s original washing machines, refrigerators, and other household appliances, to the world’s first laptop, the first 16MB flash memory, the world’s smallest 0.85-inch HDDs; Create advanced HDDVD technology; Toshiba created many “world firsts” in the research and manufacture of new SED displays and contributed to changing people’s lives through constant technological innovation.

Kyocera was founded in 1959 as a manufacturer of technical ceramics. Industrial ceramics is a series of advanced materials with unique physical, chemical, and electronic properties. Today, most of Kyocera’s products are related to telecommunications, including semiconductor components, RF and microwave packaging, passive electronic components, wireless mobile phones and network equipment, crystal oscillators and connectors, and optoelectronic products for optoelectronic communication networks.

Tianma microelectronics co., LTD., founded in 1983, the company focus on smartphones, tablets, represented by high order laptop display market of consumer goods and automotive, medical, POS, HMI, etc., represented by professional display market, and actively layout smart home, intelligent wear, AR/VR, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and other emerging markets, to provide customers with the best product experience.IN terms of technology, the company has independently mastered leading technologies such as LTPS-TFT, AMOLED, flexible display, Oxide-TFT, 3D display, transparent display, and in-cell/on-cell integrated touch control. TFT-LCD key Materials and Technologies National Engineering Laboratory, national enterprise Technology Center, post-doctoral mobile workstation, and undertake national Development and Reform Commission, The Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and other major national thematic projects. The company’s long-term accumulation and continuous investment in advanced technology lay the foundation for innovation and development in the field of application.

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The modern economy runs on semiconductors. The tiny electronic circuits, named for the electrical properties of the material from which they"re made, are the brains for millions of devices, including space vehicles, car computers, smartphones, medical equipment, appliances, and more. As applications proliferate, semiconductor manufacturers continue to prosper.

These companies compete in producing smaller, cheaper, and faster chips for increasingly powerful and affordable technology products. Semiconductors can be divided into four main categories: microprocessors, memory chips, commodity integrated circuits, and complex "systems on a chip."

The numerous chipmakers range from household names with global reach to smaller suppliers little known outside their specialized market niche. Their chips are an essential input for manufacturers of technology hardware and industrial equipment.

The semiconductor industry and chipmakers" stocks tend to be highly cyclical. Still, many investors view the sector as important given its secular growth trend and major role in the development of new technology.

Intel primarily develops processors for the personal computer (PC) and enterprise server markets. Its Client Computing Group segment supplying PC processors and Data Center Group segment serving enterprise customers including cloud services providers accounted for 51% and 33% of fiscal year 2021 revenue, respectively. The remainder consisted of internet-of-things solutions for retail, industrial, and healthcare markets; memory and storage products; autonomous driving technology; and programmable semiconductors.

The company produces motherboard chipsets, network interface controllers, and integrated circuits. In March 2021 Intel unveiled a plan to invest aggressively in expanding its foundry business, the industry term for contract manufacturing of semiconductors on behalf of customers.

Qualcomm is a global semiconductor and telecommunications company that designs and markets wireless communications products and services. Telecommunications companies worldwide use Qualcomm"s patented CDMA (code division multiple access) technology, which has played an integral role in the development of wireless communications. Its Snapdragon chipsets are found in many mobile devices.

Micron Technology supplies memory chips including flash RAM products as well as rewritable disc storage solutions. Its products are used in computers, consumer electronics, automobiles, communications, and servers.

Broadcom supplies digital and analog semiconductors as well as software for networking, telecom, and data center markets. It provides interfaces for computers" Bluetooth connectivity, routers, switches, processors, and fiber optics.

Nvidia is a leading developer of graphics processors for personal computers and enterprise servers. These graphics processing units, or GPUs, provide high-end performance sought by cryptocurrency miners, computer gamers, and those who work with computer-aided design.

Applied Materials is a leading supplier of capital equipment used to manufacture semiconductors as well as liquid crystal display (LCD) screens. The company"s technology is used to produce high-quality silicon wafers and to deposit microscopic circuitry on their surfaces.

ASE Technology is a Taiwan-based holding company that provides semiconductor assembly, packaging, and testing services. The company was created by the combination of Advanced Semiconductor Engineering Inc. and Siliconware Precision Industries Co., Ltd.

Based in the Netherlands, ASML is a leading supplier of advanced lithography systems used by chip manufacturers to add circuitry to silicon wafers. Its machines help chip makers use costly wafers as efficiently as possible and to improve the performance of their chips.

Texas Instruments develops and manufactures analog chips and embedded processors for industrial and electronics applications. The company is a major supplier of chips for mobile devices, digital signal processors, and analog semiconductors. It also still makes calculators, the product that brought the company to prominence.

To understand how microcontrollers for LCD displays work, lets look at the definition of microcontroller according to wikipedia. A microcontroller is a small computer (SoC) on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of Ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM.

The long and short of it is that the microcontrolleron a LCD is the brains behind the LCD. LCD display manufactures refer to the uC (microcontrollers) as a controller driver. The primary purpose of the microcontroller driver is to convert the customer’s firmware into letters, numbers and graphics that are displayed on the LCD. Firmware is software instructions that are written just for the LCD displays.

When you purchase a computer the label reads ‘Intel’ or ‘AMD’. Two names that are very well known by most consumers. Microcontrollers that are built just for LCD displays include names such as Sunplus, Sitronix and Tomato (you might think that tomato is a funny name for a company, but hey look what happened with apple). These names are not famous, but their products are used in everything from credit card readers to home security systems.

Controller driver manufactures have a habit of discontinuing the production of the chips every so often. This leaves the customer in need of a replacement. When a controller driver is discontinued (also known as end-of-life) the manufacture will recommend equivalent microprocessors. This is where the grief can begin.

When we notify a customer that the Controller/Driver is being phased out they have three options.Order new samples of the LCD with another equivalent microprocessor. The customer will then plug in the display and see if this controller works correctly. If so, then the problem is solved. Although there have been cases where the manufacture of the compatible controller/driver will require a high MOQ (Minimum order quantity).

Offer a last time buy of the old controller driver.When we find out the controller is being discontinued there usually is enough time for the customer to place a large order of the outdated controller. The advantage is that the customer will have a product that will work for a limited future production and any units that need to be repaired. The disadvantage is that they may need to purchase several year’s worth of product. This ties up cash and takes up space in the warehouse.

The customer could rewrite their firmware.Firmware is software that is written by the customer that communicates with the LCD. This is not always the best option for two reasons.This will require time and expense for a programmer to rewrite the firmware and test it.

We find that the controller driver is one of the most frustrating aspects of the LCD business. That is why it is critical that we call out the model number of each microcontroller that the customer approves. This is called out not on only in our part number but also in the description of that part number. Many of our competitors call out a microprocessors model number and then add the two words “or equivalent”. We will not, we make sure we call out the controller on every order.

A CPU processor acts as the operations center of a computer. The CPU drives other components of the system to perform the commands of the user. Processors are available in computers, phones, TVs and other electronic devices that run programs. The CPU sits at the heart of the system of a computer connected to the motherboard. It has several key features that enhance the usability of a computer. Newegg provides a wide variety of quality CPU processors for different devices.

A single CPU quickly switches back and forth between various tasks to augment multitasking. This increases the processor speed, and makes a computer perform optimally. The processor works with the operating system to ensure that there"s no data loss. A multi-core processor contains more than one component, and only the bus interface component communicates data in and out. A multi-core processor also ensures that one core runs at full capacity on tasks without slowing down other tasks or clogging other cores. Desktop CPUs handle the needs of desktop computers. The desktop processors provide a high thermal tolerance, and are compatible with overclocking. Intel® and AMD desktop processors are the most popular. The desktop CPUs of the two brands have increased power and execution that enhance the overall working of computers.

A server system responds to requests in a computer network to help provide a network service. Server processors provide incredible scalability and performance for handling demanding tasks with the efficiency that enterprises require. A server CPU runs for a long time at sustained loads from different users. Servers can support multiple processors, depending on the applications they undertake. The computer processors operate at high frequencies to process more data.

Mobile processors use less voltage, and have enhanced sleep mode capabilities. It"s possible to adjust the mobile processors to different power levels. Turn off some sections of the chip that are not in use to save on energy. The processors offer unique features, such as Wireless Display technology (WiDi). This allows wireless transfer to media files to devices such as TVs.

A processor’s cache acts as the memory of a computer for temporary storage. It has a fast memory that allows quick retrieval of files by the computer. The socket compatibility enables the interface between a CPU and a motherboard. Ensure that the processor is compatible with the socket of a motherboard for it to work. Integrated Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) perform calculations that relate to graphics. A desktop processor with a high frequency enhances better performance for your device. Some CPUs with lower frequency perform better than those with a high frequency, depending on the infrastructure of the processor. The thermal design power of a CPU determines the heat given off by a processor. It directly affects the cooling device required for a CPU processor.

Microprocessors are computer processors containing logic, arithmetic, and control circuitry needed for a computer’s CPU to function correctly. In essence, a microprocessor is a multipurpose, register-based, clock-driven, digital integrated circuit that accepts and processes binary data as input instructions, stores such instructions in its memory, and provides results – in binary form – as its output.

Inarguably, the introduction of low-cost computer-based integrated circuits has positively transformed modern society. Microprocessors, since their advent, have been helpful for multimedia display, computation, internet communication, text editing, industrial process controls, etc.Quick FactsCreatedJanuary 1971CreatorFederico Faggin, Stanley Mazor, Marcian (Ted) Hoff, and Masatoshi ShimaOriginal UseFor computational tasksCost$60

When exactly was the microprocessor invented? Answering this question will cause us to stumble upon again into the same story as with the inventions of the integrated circuit, the transistor, and many others gadgets, reviewed on this site. Several people got the idea almost simultaneously, but only one got all glory, and he was the engineer Ted Hoff alongside the co-inventors Masatoshi Shima, Stanley Mazor, and Federico Faggin at Intel Corp., based in Santa Clara, California.

The microprocessor CPUs were built in the 1950s and 1960s with many chips or a few LSI (large-scale integration) chips. In the late 1960s, many articles had discussed the possibility of a computer on a chip. However, all concluded that the integrated circuit technology was not yet ready. Ted Hoff was probably the first to recognize that Intel’s new silicon-gated MOS technology might make a single-chip CPU possible if a sufficiently simple architecture could be developed.

In 1990 another U.S. engineer and inventor—Gilbert Hyatt from Los Angeles, after a 20-year battle with the patent office, announced that he had finally received a certificate of intellectual ownership for a single-chip microprocessor, that he says he invented in 1968, at least a year before Intel started (see the U.S. patent №4942516). Hyatt asserted that he put together the requisite technology a year earlier at his short-lived company, Micro Computer Inc., whose major investors included Intel’s founders, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore. Micro Computer invented the digital computer that controlled machine tools, then fell apart in 1971 after a dispute between Hyatt and his venture-capital partners over sharing his rights to that invention. Noyce and Moore developed Intel into one of the world’s largest chip manufacturers. “This will set history straight,” proclaimed Hyatt. “And this will encourage inventors to stick to their inventions when they’re up against the big companies.” However, nothing came out from Hyatt’s pretensions for pioneering and licensing fees from computer manufacturers.

In 1969, the Four-Phase Systems, a company established by several former Fairchild engineers, led by Lee Boysel, designed the AL1—an 8-bit bit-slice chip containing eight registers and an ALU (see the photo below). At the time, it formed part of a nine-chip, 24-bit CPU with three AL1s. Actually, the AL1 was called a microprocessor much later (in the 1990s) when, in response to litigation by Texas Instruments, a demonstration system was constructed where a single AL1 formed part of a courtroom demonstration computer system, together with an input-output device, RAM and ROM. AL1 was shipped in data terminals from that company as early as 1969.

The term “Microprocessor” was first used when the Viatron system 21 small Computer System was announced in 1968. Since the 1970s, the use of microprocessors has consequently increased, cutting across several use cases.

Technically, at first, the microprocessor sequentially stores inputs as instructions in the computer’s storage memory. Afterward, it fetches the stored instructions and decodes them. The decoded instructions are executed until the microprocessor meets a STOP instruction. Finally, the results are sent in binary form as output via the output port after execution.

To further understand how a microprocessor works, you must familiarize yourself with specific terms associated with the device. These basic terms include:

Instruction Set: These are sets of commands understandable by the microprocessor. The instruction set is typically an interface between the computer software and hardware.

Bus: These are conductors used to transmit data, control, or address information in different microprocessor elements. Generally, there are three (3) basic types of buses, address bus, data bus, and control bus.

The first working CPU was delivered to Busicom in February 1971. It was called “Microcomputer on a chip” (the word microprocessor wasn’t used until 1972). The first known advertisement for the 4004 dates back to November 1971; it appeared in Electronic News. The first commercial product to use a microprocessor was the Busicom calculator 141-PF. After Intel delivered the four chips, Busicom eventually sold some 100000 calculators. Cleverly, Intel decided to buy back the design and marketing rights to the 4004 from Busicom for $60000. Intel followed a clever marketing plan to encourage the development of applications for the 4004 chip, leading to its widespread use within months.

In April 1974, Intel announced its successor, the world-famous 8080, which opened up the microprocessor component marketplace. With the ability to execute 290000 instructions per second and 64K bytes of addressable memory, the 8080 was the first microprocessor with the speed, power, and efficiency to become a vital tool for designers.

Development labs set up by Hamilton/Avnet, Intel’s first microprocessor distributor, showcased the 8080 and provided a broad customer base which contributed to it becoming the industry standard. A critical factor in the 8080’s success was its role in the introduction in January 1975 of the MITS Altair 8800, the first successful personal computer. It used the powerful 8080 microprocessor and established that personal computers must be easy to expand. With its increased sophistication, expansibility, and incredibly low price of $395, the Altair 8800 proved the viability of home computers.

Admittedly Intel was the first but not the only company for microprocessors (see the Timeline of Intel’s Microprocessors). The competing Motorola 6800 was released in August 1974, the similar MOS Technology 6502 in 1975, and Zilog Z80 in 1976.

The first single-chip 16-bit microprocessor was TI’s TMS 9900, introduced in 1976, which was also compatible with their TI-990 line of minicomputers. Intel produced its first 16-bit processor, the 8086, in 1978. It was source consistent with the 8080 and 8085 (an 8080 derivative). This chip has probably had more effect on the present-day computer market than any other, although whether this is justified is debatable; the chip was compatible with the 4-year-old 8080, and this meant it had to use a most unusual overlapping segment register process to access a full 1 Megabyte of memory.

The most significant 32-bit design is the MC68000, introduced in 1979. The 68K, as it was widely known, had 32-bit registers but used 16-bit internal data paths and a 16-bit external data bus to reduce pin count and supported only 24-bit addresses. Motorola generally described it as a 16-bit processor, though it clearly has a 32-bit architecture. The combination of high performance, ample (16 megabytes (2^24)) memory space, and relatively low costs made it the most popular CPU design of its class. The Apple Lisa and Macintosh designs used the 68000, as did a host of other designs in the mid-1980s, including the Atari ST and Commodore Amiga.

The world’s first single-chip fully-32-bit microprocessor, featuring 32-bit data paths, 32-bit buses, and 32-bit addresses, was the AT&T Bell Labs BELLMAC-32A, with first samples in 1980 and general production in 1982.

Intel announced the world"s first microprocessor, the 4004, in December 1971. The 4004 was a 4-bit microprocessor developed for use in calculators produced by Japan"s Busicom. Intel, however, retained the marketing rights for the 4004. The next year Intel announced the 8-bit 8008 microprocessor and followed this with the improved 8080 microprocessor in 1974. Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) in the United States released the Altair 8800 microcomputer kit using the 8080 microprocessor in 1975. Bill Gates created a BASIC interpreter for the Altair 8800 kit and went on to found Microsoft. Personal computers arrived in 1977 that could be incorporated with a number of peripheral devices. Apple Computer began shipping the Apple II in June 1977, which would go on to create the personal computer market．

In Japan, Sord (today, the Toshiba Personal Computer System Corporation) announced in 1974 the SMP 80/X series of microcomputers equipped with the Intel 8080. NEC, in August 1976, released the TK-80 single-board microcomputer that was equipped with the μPD8080A, an 8080-compatible processor. The TK-80 was sold as an assembly kit to train engineers, but because it was priced at only ¥88,500, it quickly spread to hobbyists, triggering a microcomputer fad. Similarly, Toshiba, Hitachi, Fujitsu, Sharp, and others all released single-board microcomputers. Seikosha released the SEIKO-5700 in August 1977 with the 8080A processor, and Sord, in September of the same year, announced the M200 series of microcomputers than ran on Zilog Z80 processors．

Hitachi, in September 1978, rolled out the Basic Master MB-6880 personal computer that ran on Hitachi"s own 6800 microprocessor and came with BASIC preinstalled. Sharp came out with the MZ-80K in December 1978, a partially assembled kit computer that ran on the Z80 and supported BASIC programming. In 1979, NEC released the 8-bit PC-8001. The three 8-bit machines from Hitachi, Sharp, and NEC were called the first Big Three of the 8-bit generation. NEC, Fujitsu and Sharp dominated the market in the 1980s, with NEC releasing its PC-8800 series, Fujitsu releasing its FM-8, and Sharp releasing its X1 series．

In 1983, the ASCII Corporation and Microsoft Japan devised MSX, a standardized architecture for 8-bit personal computers for the home market. Fourteen companies in all — many of which were home entertainment manufacturers such as Matsushita Electric (now Panasonic) and Sony — released MSX-compatible personal computers. Sony began selling its HIT BIT HB-55 MSX home computer in November 1983. The upwardly compatible MSX2 architecture with enhanced image display functionality was announced in 1985, and nine companies released MSX2 products. The further enhanced MSX2+ architecture came out in 1988, but only three companies — Sanyo Electric, Sony, and Matsushita Electric — sold personal computers compatible with the MSX2+ standard, primarily because of the burgeoning growth of 16-bit personal computers in the home market. The final iteration of MSX, MSX TurboR, arrived in 1990, but the only initial compatible model sold was Matsushita Electric"s FS-A 1 ST. Its replacement model, the FS-A 1 GT, which came out in 1991, wound up being the last MSX model．

IBM entered the personal computer market in 1981, announcing the IBM PC, which ran on the Intel 16-bit 8088 microprocessor. Its operating system was PC-DOS, which was equivalent to Microsoft"s MS-DOS. Apple Computer released the Lisa in January 1983 and the Macintosh in January 1984. The latter model was a huge success, though it has been said the Macintosh owed much to Xerox’s workstations. IBM released the IBM PC-AT with an 80286 processor in August of the same year. Because its interface was published openly, it became a de facto standard and many manufacturers sold PC-AT compatible machines.

Although Panafacom (today, PFU) had released the Lkit-16 learning kit computer with a 16-bit CPU in 1977, the first 16-bit personal computer in Japan was the MULTI16, announced by Mitsubishi Electric in December 1981. The MULTI 16 ran on an 8088 processor and used Digital Research"s CP/M-86 as its operating system. NEC released the PC-9801 in October 1982, equipped with a 16-bit μPD8086 processor (8086 compatible), a μPD7220 LSI for graphics processing, and the MS-DOS operating system. In November 1982, Fujitsu released the FM-11 16-bit personal computer, which had an 8-bit 6809 processor and a 16-bit 8088 processor, as an upgrade model to the FM-8. NEC developed the PC-9801 into a series, with an internal kanji-character ROM chip and internal floppy disk drives or hard disk drives, and took the leading share of the Japanese market. The PC-9801VM, released in July 1985, used the NEC V30 processor, an 8086-compatible processor that was faster than Intel"s chips．

As 16-bit machines entered the market, personal computers began to be used for business applications. Consequently, many companies released 16-bit personal computers specialized for business use between 1983 and 1984, such as Sharp"s MZ-5500 and Oki Electric"s if 800 model 50．

Epson started selling the PC-286, a PC-9800-compatible machine, in April 1987. Epson brought out many model configurations of its compatible machines, including desktops, laptops, and notebooks. Proside released a personal computer with dual compatibility with PC-9800 and IBM PC/AT in 1987．

As far as personal computers for hobbyists, Sharp announced the X68000, using the MC68000 processor, in 1986. The X86000 was equipped with advanced graphics functions and enhanced audio and video functions to compete against game machines and consoles．

In September 1987, the first 32-bit machines running on the 80386 processor appeared, with NEC announcing the PC-98XL2 and Fujitsu the FM R-70. In February 1989, Fujitsu announced the 32-bit FM Towns, the first personal computer with a CD-ROM drive and featuring enhanced audio and video functionality．

Previously, Japanese personal computers were fitted with dedicated read-only memory (ROM) modules for Japanese language processing, including kanji characters. But with advances in microprocessor and display performance, it was possible to perform Japanese character conversions in software. IBM DOS version J4.0V, which was released in December 1990 for PC-AT compatibles, implemented all Japanese language processing in software. This operating system and its later version, which would become known as DOS/V, were sold by Microsoft as MS-DOS-5.0/V and could be used on other companies" PC-AT compatibles. Most Japanese manufacturers migrated to DOS/V, and Compact, a U.S. manufacturer of PC-AT compatibles, entered the Japanese market in January 1992 with an inexpensive DOS/V machine. Fujitsu launched its FMV series of PC-AT compatible machines in October 1993．

Although Microsoft had been developing Windows, which ran a graphical user interface on MS-DOS, since the mid-1980s, it wasn"t until 1995"s Windows 95 that real multimedia functions and network functions were realized. This triggered an avalanche of Windows software applications. NEC, in October 1997, changed its strategic direction with its announcement of the PC-98 NX series, which incorporated the PC97/PC98 system design, the next global hardware design standard．

Portable laptop personal computers with 16-bit CPUs began to arrive in the mid-1980s. Toshiba presented the T-1100, the world"s first laptop personal computer, aimed at the Western market at the March 1985 Hanover Messe trade show in Germany and began selling the laptop in April of the same year. For the domestic market, Fujitsu announced the FM16π in April 1985, Toshiba announced the J-3100 in October 1986, and NEC announced the PC-98LT in November 1986．

Laptop personal computers gradually got smaller, and in June 1989 Toshiba announced the DynaBook J-3100SS, the world"s first A4-file-sized notebook. NEC, for its part, released the PC-9801N（98NOTE） notebook computer in October 1989, announced the 98NOTE SX notebook computer, Japan"s first 32-bit notebook, in May 1990, and began selling the PC-9801NC, the world"s first notebook with a color LCD screen, in October 1991．

Performance hybrid architecture combines two new core microarchitectures, Performance-cores (P-cores) and Efficient-cores (E-cores), on a single processor die. Select 12th Gen Intel® Core™ processors (certain 12th Generation Intel® Core™ i5 Processors and lower) do not have performance hybrid architecture, only P-cores.

Built into the hardware, Intel® Thread Director is provided only in performance hybrid architecture configurations of 12th Gen Intel® Core™ processors; OS enablement is required. Available features and functionality vary by OS.

Performance results are based on testing as of dates shown in configurations and may not reflect all publicly available updates. See backup for configuration details. No product or component can be absolutely secure.