On the surface level is the other glass substrate. Just beneath this glass substrate is where the actual pixels and sub-pixels reside, forming the RGB color filter. In order to counteract the electrodes of the previously mentioned layer, this surface layer has counter (or common) electrodes on the side closer to the liquid crystals that close off the circuit that travels between the two layers. In both these substrate layers, the electrodes are most frequently made of indium tin oxide (ITO) because they allow for transparency and have good conductive properties.

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Before applying an electric field to the crystals between the electrodes, the alignment of the crystals is in a 90 degree twisted pattern, allowing a properly crystal-polarized light to pass through the surface polarizer in a display’s “normal white” mode. This state is caused by electrodes that are purposely coated in a material that orients the structure with this specific twist.

IPS screens have the capability to recognize movements and commands much faster than the traditional TFT LCD displays and as a result, their response times are infinitely faster. Of course, the human eye doesn’t notice the difference on separate occasions, but when witnessing side-by-side demonstrations, the difference is clear.

IPS displays are designed to have higher transmittance frequencies than their TFT counterparts within a shorter period of time (precisely 1 millisecond vs. 25 milliseconds). This speed increase might seem minute or indecipherable to the naked eye, but it actually makes a huge difference in side-by-side demonstrations and observations, especially if your work depends largely on high-speed information sharing with minimal or no lagging.

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The twisted nematic effect is one of the cheapest options for LCD technology, and it also allows for fast pixel response time. There are still some limits, though; color reproduction quality may not be great, and viewing angles, or the direction at which the screen is looked at, are more limited.

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Fig. 3:The top row characterizes the nature of alignment in using IPS as well as the quality of viewing angles. The bottom row displays how the twisted nematic is used to align the crystals and how viewing angles are affected by it.

Nonetheless, most TFT displays are still fully capable of delivering reasonably sharp images that are ideal for everyday purposes and they also have relatively short response times from your keyboard or mouse to your screen. This is because the pixel aspect ration is much narrower than its IPS counterpart and therefore, the colours aren’t as widely spread out and are formatted to fit onto the screen. Primary colours—red, yellow, and blue—are used as the basis for creating brightness and different shades, which is why there’s such a strong contrast between different aspects of every image. Computer monitors, modern-day HD TV screens, laptop monitors, mobile devices, and even tablets all utilize this technology.

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The TFT LCD is built with three key layers. Two sandwiching layers consist of glass substrates, though one includes TFTs while the other has an RGB, or red green blue, color filter. The layer between the glass layers is a liquid crystal layer.

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TFT LCD Display

Fig. 2: On the left is the twisted liquid crystal layer in which polarized light passes freely; on the right is after the electric field is charged into the layer, completely re-aligning the molecule orientations so that light is not polarized and cannot pass through the surface polarizer.

IPS TFT

The bright LED backlights that are featured in TFT displays are most often used for mobile screens. These backlights offer a great deal of adaptability and can be adjusted according to the visual preferences of the user. In some cases, certain mobile devices can be set up to automatically adjust the brightness level of the screen depending on the natural or artificial lighting in any given location. This is a very handy feature for people who have difficulty learning how to adjust the settings on a device or monitor and makes for easier sunlight readability.

COGLCD display

However, when the electric field is applied, the twist is broken as the crystals straighten out, otherwise known as re-aligning. The passing light can still pass through the back polarizer, but because the crystal layer does not polarize the lights to pass through the surface polarizer, light is not transmitted to the surface, thus an opaque display. If the voltage is lessened, only some crystals re-align, allowing for a partial amount of light to pass and creating different shades of grey (levels of light). This effect is called the twisted nematic effect.

The outer sides of the glass substrates (closest to the surface or closest to the back) have filter layers called polarizers. These filters allow only certain beams of light to pass through if they are polarized in a specific manner, meaning that the geometric waves of the light are appropriate for the filter. If not polarized correctly, the light does not pass through the polarizer which creates an opaque LCD screen.

Since paired with flat panel technology, notably liquid crystal displays (LCD), TFT displays have grown extensively in popularity for display screens and LCD monitors like computer monitors and smartphones. With this development, the cathode-ray tube, otherwise known as a CRT, began to fall into the past as the lighter, less bulky LCD took over in the field of displays. Modern-day high-resolution and -quality displays primarily use TFT technology within the LCDs.

Wide-set screen configurations allow for much wider and versatile viewing angles as well. This is probably one of the most notable and bankable differences between TFT and IPS displays. With IPS displays, you can view the same image from a large variety of different angles without causing grayscale, blurriness, halo effects, or obstructing your user experience in any way. This makes IPS the perfect display option for people who rely on true-to-form and sharp colour and image contrasts in their work or daily lives.

The light that passes through the device is sourced from the backlight which can shine light from the back or the side of the display. Because the LCD does not produce its own light, it needs to use the backlight in the LCD module. This light source most commonly comes in the form of light-emitting diodes, better known as LEDs. Recently, organic LEDs (OLED) have come into use as well. Typically white, this light, if polarized correctly, will pass through the RGB color filter of the surface substrate layer, displaying the color signaled for by the TFT device.

Between the two substrate layers lie liquid crystals. Together, the liquid crystal molecules may behave as a liquid in terms of movement, but it holds its structure as a crystal. There are a variety of chemical formulas available for use in this layer. Typically, liquid crystals are aligned to position the molecules in a certain way to induce specific behaviors of passing light through the polarization of the light waves. To do this, either a magnetic or electric field must be used; however, with displays, for a magnetic field to be usable, it will be too strong for the display itself, and thus electric fields, using very low power and requiring no current, are used.

If you refer back to the first paragraph under “Evolution of TFTs” in the last article, “The History of Thin Film Transistor Displays,” there will be a basic explanation of the Field Effect Transistor (FET). The TFT is a form of FET, and so it also follows the driving principle of FETs as well. Essentially, if a voltage is applied to the gate of a TFT, the signal current can be controlled or altered. This current, called driving voltage, on the TFT-based LCD panel then flows from the source to drain and casts a signal to its sub-pixel, allowing light to pass through.

LCD display

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The TFT glass substrate layer is the deepest or back-most layer of a device’s circuit board. It is made of amorphous silicon, a type of silicon with a non-crystalline structure. This silicon is then deposited on the actual glass substrate. The TFTs in this layer are paired individually to each sub-pixel (refer to Architecture of a TFT Pixel below) from the other substrate layer of the device and control the amount of voltage applied to their respective sub-pixels. This layer also has pixel electrodes between the substrate and the liquid crystal layer. Electrodes are conductors that channel electricity into or out of something, in this case, pixels.

IPS LCD

Screen resolution is the number of individual pixels in each axis that can be displayed on screen of electronic visual display device.

A solution to these limits was given through in-plane switching (IPS) of the liquid crystals. Rather than aligning the crystals perpendicularly to the electrodes, IPS aligns them in a parallel fashion. Light is then more streamlined within the matrix. There were initial problems like slow response time, but recently, these problems have been mostly resolved, making the benefits of better viewing angles and color reproduction greater than the faults. It is, however, a more costly technology than the twisted nematic devices.

A TFT LCD ,  or a thin film transistor liquid crystal display, is one of the fastest growing forms of display technology today. The thin film transistor (TFT) is a type of semiconductor device used in display technology to enhance efficiency, compactness, and cost of the product. In conjunction with its semiconductor properties, the TFT LCD is an active matrix display, controlling pixels individually and actively rather than passively, furthering the benefits of this semiconductor device.

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One of the major drawbacks of using a TFT LCD instead of an IPS is that the former doesn’t offer the same level of visibility as the latter. To get the full effect of the graphics on a TFT screen, you have to be seated right in front of the screen at all times. If you’re just using the monitor for regular web browsing, for office work, to read and answer emails, or for other everyday uses, then a TFT display will suit your needs just fine. But, if you’re using it to conduct business that requires the highest level of colour and graphic accuracy, such as completing military or naval tasks, then your best bet is to opt for an IPS screen instead.

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As you might already be aware, there’s a large variety of versatile digital display types on the market, all of which are specifically designed to perform certain functions and are suitable for numerous commercial, industrial, and personal uses. The type of digital display you choose for your company or organization depends largely on the requirements of your industry, customer-base, employees, and business practices. Unfortunately, if you happen to be technologically challenged and don’t know much about digital displays and monitors, it can be difficult to determine which features and functions would work best within your professional environment. If you have trouble deciphering the pros and cons of using TFT vs. IPS displays, here’s a little guide to help make your decision easier.

IPS (in-plane-switching) technology is almost like an improvement on the traditional TFT display module in the sense that it has the same basic structure, but with slightly more enhanced features and more widespread usability. IPS LCD monitors consist of the following high-end features.

TFT displays utilize both chemical and physical electrical properties to project visible imagery onto a screen.

TFT stands for thin-film-transistor, which is a variant of liquid crystal display (LCD). TFTs are categorized as active matrix LCDs, which means that they can simultaneously retain certain pixels on a screen while also addressing other pixels using minimal amounts of energy. This is because TFTs consist of transistors and capacitors that respectively work to conserve as much energy as possible while still remaining in operation and rendering optimal results. TFT display technologies offer the following features, some of which are engineered to enhance overall user experience.

Within an LCD, each pixel can be characterized by its three sub-pixels. These three sub-pixels create the RGB colorization of that overall pixel. These sub-pixels act as capacitors, or electrical storage units within a device, each with their own independent structural and functional layers as described earlier. With the three sub-pixels per pixel, colors of almost any kind can be mixed from the light passing through the filters and polarizer at different brightness based on the liquid crystal alignment.

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When it comes to deciphering the differences between TFT vs. IPS display technologies and deciding which option is best for you and your business, the experts at Nauticomp Inc. can help. Not only do we offer a wide variety of computer displays, monitors, and screen types, but we also have the many years of experience in the technology industry to back up our recommendations and our knowledge. Our top-of-the-line displays and monitors are customized to suit the professional and personal needs of our clients who work across a vast array of industries. For more information on our high-end displays and monitors, please contact us.

Just like TFT displays, IPS displays also use primary colours to produce different shades through their pixels. The main difference in this regard is the placement of the pixels and how they interact with electrodes. In TFT displays, the pixels run perpendicular to one another when they’re activated by electrodes, which creates a pretty sharp image, but not quite as pristine or crisp as what IPS displays can achieve. IPS display technologies employ a different configuration in the sense that pixels are placed parallel to one another to reflect more light and result in a sharper, clearer, brighter, and more vibrant image. The wide-set screen also establishes a wider aspect ratio, which strengthens visibility and creates a more realistic and lasting effect.